Tag: psychological

Jul 03

9 Facts About Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental illness that influences a person’s ability to understand and connect with others. The disease is best understood as a “spectrum,” spanning a wide range of symptom intensity and encompassing a wide range of previously distinct medical disorders. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), around 1% of the world’s population, or 75 million individuals, have ASD. Despite how common ASD is, many common myths persist regarding it. Here are nine things regarding autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that you might not know. This includes symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for children. 1. Children Can Be Very Young When Diagnosed Children can receive a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as early as 18 months, although most diagnoses occur at 24 months or older when the diagnosis is considered more reliable, as stated by MedlinePlus. Prior to that age, children with autism may exhibit social communication deficits that are appropriate for their developmental stage. ASD is diagnosed based on behavioral observations and assessments since there are no medical or blood tests specifically for ASD. Healthcare providers typically conduct developmental screenings and comprehensive evaluations to assess a child’s behavior. This evaluation may include assessments of hearing, vision, and neurological function. In some cases, a follow-up visit to a specialist, such as a developmental pediatrician, may be recommended for further evaluation and support. 2. There’s a Wide Range of Symptoms The symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can vary greatly from person to person, with some individuals experiencing mild symptoms while others have more pronounced ones. In general, ASD symptoms often involve difficulties in communication and social interaction. People with ASD may struggle to understand and respond to others’ emotions and intentions, exhibit challenges in making eye contact, and have difficulty with social interactions and relationships. Repetitive behaviors and restricted interests are common among individuals with ASD. These may manifest as repetitive movements or actions, a strong focus on specific topics or objects, or the need for routine and sameness in daily activities. While some individuals with ASD may have difficulty with verbal communication, it is important to note that not all individuals with ASD are nonverbal. Approximately 40% of people with autism are nonverbal, according to Autism Speaks, but this varies among individuals. Other potential signs of ASD in children can include heightened sensitivity to sensory stimuli, intense tantrums or meltdowns, lack of response to their name being called, limited or absent pointing or gestures by 18 months of age, and a lack of engagement in pretend play activities. It is crucial to remember that these symptoms can vary and that an accurate diagnosis should be made by qualified healthcare professionals through comprehensive assessments and evaluations. 3. Prevalence Seems to Be Growing The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has shown a significant increase over the years. According to a 2021 report from the MMWR Surveillance Summaries, the prevalence has risen from 1 in 150 children being diagnosed to 1 in 44 since 2000. However, there is ongoing debate among experts regarding the reasons behind this increase. One factor that contributes to the rise in ASD prevalence is increased awareness and improved screening methods. As awareness about ASD has grown, more children are being identified and diagnosed with the disorder. Healthcare providers and educators are better equipped to recognize the signs and symptoms of ASD, leading to more accurate and timely diagnoses. Changes in diagnostic criteria also play a role in the increased prevalence. The criteria for diagnosing ASD have evolved over time, resulting in broader definitions and more inclusive criteria. This expansion has allowed for the identification of individuals who may have previously gone undiagnosed. However, it is important to note that the exact causes of the increased prevalence are still not fully understood. Some experts suggest that there may be underlying environmental or genetic factors contributing to the rise in ASD cases. Further research is needed to explore these factors and gain a better understanding of the true drivers behind the increased prevalence. Ultimately, the increase in ASD prevalence can be attributed to a combination of improved awareness, changes in diagnostic criteria, and potentially other factors. Ongoing research and collaboration among professionals in the field will help shed light on the causes and provide better insights into ASD. 4. Boys Are More Likely to Be Diagnosed Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are more commonly diagnosed in boys than in girls, with a prevalence rate of about four times higher in boys compared to girls. According to Autism Speaks, approximately 1 in 27 boys and 1 in 116 girls are reported to have ASD. Boys tend to be diagnosed with ASD earlier and more frequently than girls. However, there is growing evidence that girls with ASD may be underdiagnosed. Research suggests that girls often exhibit different patterns of ASD symptoms and may present with camouflaged symptoms that are missed during evaluations, contributing to the underdiagnosis. A study published in the Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders in May 2018 explored sex-based differences in ASD presentation among girls. The researchers highlighted the diagnosis gap between girls and boys and emphasized the need to recognize and understand the unique characteristics and challenges faced by girls with ASD. Underdiagnosis of ASD in girls may be attributed to fewer screenings and a lack of awareness about the diverse ways ASD can manifest in females. Societal expectations and stereotypes may also play a role. Girls with ASD may be perceived as shy or introverted, and their preference for solitary play or differences in social interactions may be overlooked or attributed to normal variations in behavior. In contrast, boys are often expected to exhibit more extroverted and social behaviors, making deviations from these expectations more noticeable. It is crucial to increase awareness and understanding of the unique presentation of ASD in girls. By addressing the gender disparities in ASD diagnosis, healthcare professionals can improve identification and provide appropriate support for girls with ASD. 5. Autism May Begin Before

Jul 03

6 Cognitive Distortions That Could Be Fueling Your Anxious Thoughts

Developing an awareness of different modes of thinking can greatly enhance one’s understanding and problem-solving abilities. It is possible to identify these patterns not only in oneself but also in others. When recognizing such patterns, it is important to acknowledge the occurrence of “mind traps” or “cognitive distortions” and take a step back. One particular cognitive distortion that we personally struggle with is catastrophizing, which we will address first. 1. Catastrophizing Amplifying anxiety, catastrophizing is a distorted thinking pattern that tends to magnify negative outcomes. It involves jumping to the worst possible conclusions or perceiving situations as far more dire than they truly are. Many of us can relate to this tendency to imagine worst-case scenarios, as it can become a default response. When faced with challenges or situations, our minds engage in a continuous “what-if” game, contemplating the potential occurrence of these worst-case scenarios. Catastrophizing can manifest in two primary ways: firstly, by casting a negative light on present circumstances, and secondly, by envisioning a future riddled with multiple anticipated misfortunes. Breaking free from this cycle may pose a challenge, but there are simple steps to acknowledge and control it, especially when dealing with anxiety: 1. Recognize the occurrence of catastrophizing: Be aware of when this thinking pattern takes hold. 2. Document your negative thoughts: Maintain a personal record of what transpired and objectively note your thoughts about the situation. Additionally, document your subsequent reactions or behaviors. 3. Adjust your self-talk: Foster a forgiving and hopeful internal dialogue. Instead of attempting to entirely eliminate catastrophizing, recognize that the worst-case scenario isn’t always as terrible as it may initially seem. By consciously applying these steps, you can work towards minimizing the impact of catastrophizing on your well-being and mindset. 2. Polarized Thinking Polarized thinking occurs when individuals perceive outcomes or viewpoints as strictly right or wrong, leaving no room for middle ground. This kind of thinking, characterized by the belief in absolute good or bad, sets unattainable standards and contributes to heightened stress levels. Polarized thinking becomes apparent when one’s hopes and expectations are solely centered around a single event or outcome, such as gaining admission to a desired college course, seeking approval from others, pursuing a specific income level, or striving for a particular level of satisfaction. To counter polarized thinking, it is essential to recognize that most things in life fall within a spectrum between triumph and tragedy. Understanding that there are various levels and shades of success and failure can help alleviate the pressure of extreme thinking. It’s important to internalize the understanding that no single accomplishment or failure will singularly determine one’s future happiness. Life is a dynamic journey, and growth and fulfillment come from a multitude of experiences, not just one specific outcome. Moreover, it is unrealistic to expect that personal values will remain static or that others will share the same values. Recognizing and accepting the diversity of perspectives and priorities among individuals can contribute to more balanced thinking. When confronted with the fear of failure, it can be helpful to assess the actual consequences of such an outcome and develop a plan for coping with them. By preparing for potential setbacks and having strategies in place, individuals can mitigate the overwhelming sense of catastrophe and better manage the situation. By adopting these approaches, individuals can challenge polarized thinking and cultivate a more flexible and resilient mindset, leading to reduced stress levels and a healthier perspective on success and failure. 3. Filtering Filtering is a cognitive distortion where individuals selectively focus on the negative aspects of a situation while disregarding or minimizing any positive elements. This skewed perception can lead to a distorted and pessimistic view of reality. To counter filtering, it is important to develop the ability to evaluate situations objectively and clearly, even if negative aspects stand out more prominently. This involves consciously challenging oneself to see the bigger picture and consider all aspects of a situation, including the positive ones that might have been filtered out. Seeking out positives within a given situation can help balance the perspective and counteract the tendency to solely focus on the negative. Actively searching for and acknowledging the favorable aspects can provide a more accurate and balanced view of reality. Another important step is to resist the inclination to downplay or minimize one’s efforts or achievements. Often, individuals engaging in filtering tend to dismiss their successes or discount their accomplishments. It is crucial to recognize and give credit to one’s own efforts and achievements, no matter how small they may seem. Additionally, acknowledging personal growth by comparing past performance can be helpful. Reflecting on how far one has come and how they have improved over time can provide a more realistic and positive outlook. By recognizing progress and learning from past experiences, individuals can cultivate a sense of self-awareness and motivation to continue growing and evolving. By consciously applying these strategies, individuals can counteract the effects of filtering and develop a more balanced and constructive perspective on situations, allowing for a healthier and more positive mindset. 4. Personalization Personalization is a cognitive distortion in which individuals believe that others’ actions, moods, or behaviors are a direct response to them personally. This leads to a constant evaluation of one’s worth and a tendency to compare oneself to others. To address personalization, it is crucial to recognize that not everything people do or say is about oneself. Understand that individuals may be experiencing a bad mood or going through their own personal challenges, which may have nothing to do with you. It’s important to acknowledge that their emotions are not necessarily a reflection of your actions or worth. Recognize that people have their own thoughts and concerns that may be unrelated to you. Avoid assuming that every action or expression is directed at you specifically. Others may have various factors influencing their behavior that have nothing to do with your actions or presence. If you genuinely believe that you might have done something to upset someone,

Jul 01

How Are a Narcissist and a Sociopath Different?

When encountering individuals who are challenging to interact with, it is common to use terms like “narcissist” and “sociopath” to describe them. However, it is important to recognize that these terms are not interchangeable and actually refer to two separate personality disorders: narcissistic personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder (also known as sociopathy). Gaining a deeper understanding of these serious conditions and the distinctions between them can enhance our comprehension of individuals with personality disorders and their unique challenges. Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is diagnosed when an individual exhibits pathological personality traits that can significantly impact their functioning in relationships, work, and society. The distinguishing factor is that these traits are extreme and pervasive, causing disruption in various aspects of their life. Common personality traits associated with NPD include self-centeredness, a belief in being superior or special, entitlement, a strong need for admiration and attention, envy towards others or a belief that others envy them, a poor reaction to criticism, and a tendency to play the victim. It is important to note that individuals with NPD have more than just typical narcissistic traits, as their condition significantly affects their daily life and relationships. The effects of NPD can be observed in various ways. For instance, individuals with NPD may rely heavily on the approval of others when setting goals for themselves. The lack of approval or validation can hinder their progress in work or school, potentially leading to negative outcomes such as job loss or academic setbacks. Additionally, individuals with NPD may experience intense mood swings and struggle with empathy, which can result in superficial relationships or the deterioration of existing ones. Certain risk factors have been identified for the development of NPD, including genetic predisposition and experiences of childhood trauma such as neglect or abuse, as well as excessive praise during childhood. Sociopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) Individuals with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), commonly referred to as “sociopaths,” exhibit behaviors characterized by a lack of empathy and disregard for others’ rights. As outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5), individuals with ASPD may display traits such as manipulativeness, deceitfulness, aggression, callousness, impulsivity, and irresponsibility. These personality traits can significantly impact self-treatment, interpersonal relationships, and social functioning. People with ASPD tend to prioritize their own desires over the well-being of others, struggle to form and maintain close relationships, exhibit intimidating or abusive behavior, and may face difficulties in employment. Individuals with ASPD are more prone to engaging in criminal behaviors, including violent crimes and financial fraud. They also have a higher likelihood of developing a substance use disorder. It is worth noting that a significant portion of the prison population, approximately 40%, is diagnosed with ASPD, whereas the prevalence in the general population is around 4%. ASPD typically emerges during childhood, and several risk factors have been identified for its development. These include genetic predisposition, having a parent with ASPD or a substance use disorder, displaying excessive aggression or conduct disorders during childhood, exhibiting symptoms of ADHD, engaging in cruelty towards animals during childhood, and experiencing a history of physical or sexual abuse. Narcissism vs. Sociopathy Differences NPD and ASPD are two different personality disorders. People with each disorder have distinct differences in behaviors and motivations. Interacting With Others In individuals with Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD), there is a tendency towards self-centeredness and a strong desire for attention and admiration from others. They often exhibit selfish and vain behaviors, seeking constant validation and praise to maintain their inflated sense of self-importance. The lack of attention or praise can lead to a sudden shift in their mood, resulting in unpleasant, rude, or cold behavior towards others. In contrast, individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) typically display a lack of concern for what others think of them, except in situations where they seek revenge or manipulation. They are dismissive of the concerns or feelings of others and do not depend on external approval or validation. Their primary focus is on their own needs and desires, with little regard for the opinions or approval of others. These distinctions highlight the different motivational factors and behavioral tendencies between NPD and ASPD. NPD revolves around maintaining a grandiose self-image and seeking continuous admiration, while ASPD is characterized by a disregard for others and a focus on personal goals without seeking external validation. Understanding Social Norms and Laws Individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) indeed demonstrate a lack of respect for laws, social norms, and commitments to others. They often prioritize their own desires and needs above societal rules and regulations. Their behavior is characterized by a disregard for the rights of others and a tendency to engage in impulsive and irresponsible actions without consideration for the consequences or societal expectations. On the other hand, individuals with Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) are more likely to conform to laws and social norms, at least superficially. They may be more conscious of their public image and may be inclined to maintain a favorable reputation. While they may display selfish and self-centered behaviors, they are generally less prone to engaging in antisocial behaviors, aggression, and deceitfulness towards others. Lacking Empathy Individuals with Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) and Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) indeed share a lack of empathy and may engage in behaviors that harm others. However, the underlying motivations and reasoning behind these behaviors differ between the two disorders. In the case of NPD, individuals may hurt and exploit others primarily due to their self-obsession and self-centeredness. Their actions stem from a constant preoccupation with themselves, seeking personal gain, admiration, and maintaining a positive image. They may disregard the feelings and well-being of others because their focus is primarily on their own needs and desires. Their behavior revolves around their reputation and self-aggrandizement. On the other hand, individuals with ASPD may deliberately harm others driven by impulsiveness, boredom, or a desire for revenge. Their actions are often impulsive and driven by personal gratification, without considering

Oct 13

4 Things Never to Say to Someone With Vitiligo—Even if You Don’t Mean Any Harm

Take note: All of these comments are unhelpful—and can even be hurtful. Vitiligo is a skin condition that affects millions of people worldwide, causing patches of skin to lose their natural color. The color of our skin is determined by a pigment called melanin, which is produced by melanocytes. When a person has vitiligo, these melanocytes either stop functioning or die, resulting in the loss of melanin production. This condition can affect anyone, regardless of their age or ethnicity, although it may be more noticeable in individuals with darker skin tones. While vitiligo is not life-threatening, it can profoundly impact an individual’s physical appearance and emotional well-being. Living with vitiligo can be challenging, especially when it develops during childhood, a period when children are learning about their bodies and forming their identities. Those with vitiligo often face bullying and insensitive comments, making it essential for us to be mindful of our words and actions when interacting with individuals living with this condition. In this exploration, we will hear from four individuals who have vitiligo and learn about the comments and behaviors that can be hurtful or insensitive when engaging with someone affected by this condition. 1. Avoid Asking if Vitiligo Is Contagious One of the most important things to remember when interacting with someone who has vitiligo is to avoid asking if the condition is contagious. Mariah Perkins, a 22-year-old living with vitiligo, shared her experience of someone asking her this question. Such inquiries can deeply affect individuals with vitiligo, as they imply that their skin is undesirable or even repulsive. For many, vitiligo onset occurs during adolescence, a vulnerable period when individuals may be particularly sensitive about their appearance. Mckyla Crowder, who has lived with vitiligo since the age of 4, echoed this sentiment, emphasizing the importance of treating people with vitiligo with the same respect and consideration as anyone else. She emphasized that individuals with vitiligo are still the same on the inside, and their condition does not define their worth or character. 2. Avoid Recommending Products to “Fix” Their Skin Another insensitive comment is suggesting products that claim to “fix” or conceal vitiligo-affected skin. Marian De Vos shared her experience of being referred to a product that promised to provide full coverage for her skin, similar to a foundation for the entire body. While some people with vitiligo may choose to cover their skin using makeup, it is a deeply personal decision that should not be influenced by unsolicited product recommendations. Mariah Perkins, too, went through a phase of using makeup to conceal her vitiligo, a practice that was both time-consuming and expensive. Eventually, she made the courageous decision to stop using makeup to hide her vitiligo. Similarly, Mckyla Crowder used makeup and layers of clothing to hide her symptoms, especially during high school, when she became acutely aware of her differences. However, she eventually embraced her true self and found a supportive community that helped her come out of her shell. 3. Avoid Labeling Their Skin as “Flawed” or “Imperfect” When interacting with someone with vitiligo, it is vital to refrain from using derogatory terms like “flawed” or “imperfect” to describe their skin. Such comments can have a profoundly negative impact on their self-esteem and body image. As Marian De Vos eloquently put it, referring to individuals with vitiligo as “imperfect” can cause them to doubt themselves and their self-worth. Embracing one’s appearance is challenging enough, and using derogatory language only adds to the burden. Mckyla Crowder emphasized that vitiligo is not a flaw, and it does not cause physical pain. Just as you wouldn’t label someone else’s condition as a “flaw,” it is crucial to extend the same courtesy to individuals with vitiligo. 4. Do Not Comment on New or Changing Spots Vitiligo is a condition that typically progresses slowly over time, with pigment loss spreading to involve more of the skin. Rarely, some individuals may experience repigmentation. It is essential to avoid pointing out changes in someone’s vitiligo-affected skin, as they are acutely aware of these developments. For individuals living with vitiligo, accepting the changing nature of their skin can be a challenging journey. Chelsey Hamilton, a 25-year-old with vitiligo, shared her experience of friends noticing new white patches on her skin. Such comments, even when well-intentioned, can be uncomfortable for individuals with vitiligo, as they are still coming to terms with their changing bodies. 5. Respect Their Privacy and Choices When meeting someone with vitiligo for the first time, it is important to respect their privacy and choices regarding their condition. Not everyone is ready to discuss or acknowledge their vitiligo openly, and making unsolicited comments about their skin can be distressing. Each person’s journey with vitiligo is unique, and some may not be ready to embrace their condition fully. In conclusion, understanding and supporting individuals with vitiligo requires sensitivity, empathy, and respect for their unique experiences and choices. Avoiding hurtful comments and behavior and treating them with kindness and understanding can go a long way in creating a more inclusive and supportive society for those living with vitiligo.