Category: psychological

Jul 05

Stimming: What It Is and Why People Do It?

Stimming: What It Is and Why People Do It People who stim may give off the impression that they are moving or making noises on purpose in ways that don’t seem to serve any particular reason. People stim in order to interact with one another, to calm themselves, or even just because they find it amusing. Stimming has a purpose. People who have autism spectrum disorder (ASD) tend to stimming more frequently than the general population. In point of fact, stimming is included as a diagnostic criteria for autism in the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition" (DSM-5). Stimming may also be a symptom of other types of neurodivergence, such as schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), or even post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). What Exactly Is the Stimming? Stimming is an abbreviation for the term "self-stimulation." Stimming is referred to as a "stereotypic" activity in the medical field. Almost everyone engages in activities that are designed to stimulate their own senses. You may do things like doodle, tap your pen, or bounce your foot, for instance. People tend to refer to those movements as fidgeting most of the time. People who do not have autism spectrum disorder may be more aware of when the activities of individuals around them cause discomfort. For instance, if your classmates find that the sound of you repeatedly tapping your pen gets too loud, you can decide to cease generating the noise. People who have autism spectrum disorder, on the other hand, may stim in ways that are more noticeable and less socially acceptable, such as rocking back and forth, flapping their hands, or repeating words or phrases. Stimming is a common symptom of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and might involve behavior that is unusual, intense, or repeated. The term autism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a range of behaviors and symptoms (that include prior classifications like Asperger’s syndrome) that pose challenges for individuals in the areas of communicating, learning, and acting appropriately. Stimming can often be helpful in overcoming such challenges. Stimming, for instance, has been shown to reduce both anxiety and energy in the course of study. Stimming can also be a helpful tool for those with ASD in the areas of information processing and acquiring new knowledge. Examples of Stimming Stimming refers to any type of repeated movement that is done with the purpose of reducing tension and increasing comfort. Various types of stims include, but are not limited to, the following examples: Motor stimming refers to actions that are performed in a repeated manner, such as flapping one’s hands, swaying one’s body, spinning, leaping, or moving one’s fingers. Some people engage in self-harming activities as part of their motor stimming, such as striking themselves, picking at their skin, or scratching. Echolalia: Some persons self-stimulate by repeating words or phrases that have no significance. Staring at stimuli such as lights is an example of a form of stimming known as visual stimming. "Non-functional" behaviors can include things like constantly altering objects in the environment. Why do individuals Stim? Stimming is frequently associated with feelings of anxiety, excitement, tension, or anger. To put it another way, people may stim more frequently when they feel overwhelmed by particular circumstances or triggers. People may engage in stimming for a variety of reasons, including the following five: Stimming may be a behavior that some people engage in because it facilitates the processing of sensory information, which in turn helps them acquire new knowledge and communicate more effectively with others. Stimming is a method for managing one’s feelings and is also helpful in reducing stress. Stimming is an activity that can assist relieve tension in a similar way to jogging, reading, or painting, which are all examples of stress-relieving activities. In fact, studies have shown that people frequently stim after experiencing anything that brings on feelings of stress. People who have autism spectrum disorder (ASD), for instance, could feel nervous in surroundings that are noisy or entertaining. People with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can release their pent-up energy via the therapeutic activity of stimming. Helps individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) who may have problems paying attention to details. There is evidence to imply that stimming is widespread in settings where people are learning. Some people are better able to concentrate and organize their thoughts when they do actions that are repeated. The Impact That Stimming Persons who have autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can benefit in numerous ways from stimming owing to its calming effects. These advantages can help persons with ASD better deal with talking, learning, and behaving. In contrast, because stimming frequently involves odd actions, persons who stim may feel isolated from their friends due to the nature of the practice. Stimming can also entail self-harming activities, which might raise the likelihood of unfavorable effects for one’s health. Benefits People who have autism spectrum disorder (ASD) informed researchers conducting a study that was published in 2019 in Autism that when others urged them to cease stimming, they experienced feelings like confusion, anger, resentment, nervousness, belittlement, and embarrassment. They noted that neurotypical persons frequently have a poor understanding of stimming, which can lead to difficulties in social situations. People who have autism spectrum disorders have indicated that they are unable to function successfully if stimming is their primary method of dealing with stressful situations. Stimming is a form of self-stimulatory behavior that can assist individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) overcome challenges in the areas of communication, learning, and behavior. In particular, a study that was conducted in 2018 and published in BMJ Case Reports indicated that some of the advantages of stimming include the following: Providing an escape from stressful circumstances, such as very noisy settings Ability to communicate and engage with people without difficulty. Bringing relief from emotions such as worry, tension, fear, and rage It is not apparent why stimming is satisfying to do. Researchers have discovered that stimming can activate neurotransmitters, which are substances in the brain that are responsible for regulating emotions.

Jul 04

15 Possible Causes of Brain Fogginess

15 Possible Causes of Brain Fogginess Many of us have experienced the phenomenon known as "brain fog," which refers to a feeling of mental cloudiness, difficulty focusing, fatigue, forgetfulness, or making errors. However, the severity of brain fog can vary, and for some individuals, it can be a persistent and debilitating part of their daily life. Brain fog can be associated with factors such as stress, inadequate sleep, or excessive physical or mental exertion. In these cases, making lifestyle adjustments, such as managing stress, improving sleep habits, and taking breaks when needed, may help alleviate symptoms. However, if brain fog persists, significantly interferes with your daily functioning, or has a negative impact on your mental well-being, it is advisable to consult with a healthcare provider. There could be an underlying cause contributing to your symptoms that requires medical attention and appropriate treatment. It is important to recognize that brain fog is not a normal state and should not be ignored if it is significantly impacting your quality of life. Seeking professional guidance can help identify any underlying issues and guide you towards appropriate interventions to address and manage brain fog effectively. Lyme Disease Lyme disease, which is transmitted through the bite of an infected tick, can give rise to various symptoms, including brain fog. The initial manifestation of the disease often involves the appearance of a distinctive "bulls-eye" rash. As the infection progresses, individuals may experience mental fogginess or difficulty with cognitive functions. Brain fog associated with Lyme disease can occur at any time following the infection and may manifest as challenges in engaging in conversations, retaining information, or experiencing difficulty in finding the right words. If you are experiencing brain fog and have a history of tick bite, it is crucial to seek medical assistance promptly. Similarly, if you notice the presence of a bulls-eye rash, medical attention should be sought immediately. Early diagnosis and treatment, typically involving the administration of antibiotics, can lead to successful recovery for most individuals. Lupus Lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the immune system mistakenly attacking the body’s healthy cells, resulting in inflammation and pain. The exact cause of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the most common form of lupus, is unknown. According to the CDC, SLE affects approximately 200,000 adults in the United States. Within the lupus community, "lupus fog" is a term used to describe the cognitive symptoms experienced by individuals with lupus. This brain fog can manifest as memory lapses, difficulty concentrating, and confusion. People with lupus-related brain fog may struggle with familiar tasks, recalling names, maintaining a schedule, and processing thoughts. For some individuals, these symptoms can significantly interfere with daily life. It’s important to discuss your symptoms with a healthcare provider who can provide appropriate lupus treatments to address your specific needs and offer strategies to cope with memory issues. The National Resource Center on Lupus suggests engaging in activities such as reading books, doing puzzles, and using planners or color-coded calendars as ways to manage lupus-related brain fog. These activities can help improve cognitive function and organization skills. Multiple Sclerosis Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that can lead to the development of lesions on the central nervous system, affecting various aspects such as motor function, emotions, cognition, and clarity of thinking. Individuals with MS often refer to their experience of brain fog as "cog fog," which stands for "cognitive fog." Cognitive fog in MS typically impacts information processing speed and memory recall. Individuals may struggle with tasks that require quick thinking or remembering information. Finding the right words, remembering how to perform certain tasks, and making decisions can be challenging. Research has also shown a connection between multiple sclerosis and sleep disorders, indicating that lack of sleep or restless sleep can worsen brain fog symptoms. During MS flares, brain fog may become more pronounced, and environmental factors such as heat can exacerbate the symptoms. For example, brain fog may worsen on hot days, in hot rooms, or when a person has a fever. It is important to address brain fog symptoms with a healthcare provider to explore potential medication options and rule out other factors like depression or medications for other symptoms that may contribute to cognitive difficulties. Developing strategies to work around brain fog can also be helpful, such as tackling mentally challenging tasks earlier in the day if brain fog tends to worsen later in the day. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), also known as myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), is characterized by persistent physical and cognitive fatigue lasting more than six months. Rest does not alleviate the fatigue, and it is not necessarily triggered by exertion. In addition to physical fatigue, individuals with CFS often experience brain fog, which is described as sluggish or hazy thinking, difficulty focusing and concentrating, and forgetfulness. The exact cause of CFS is still unknown, but research suggests that neuroinflammation may play a role. A study published in the Journal of Nuclear Medicine in 2014 found evidence of "widespread" neuroinflammation in individuals with CFS, highlighting the potential importance of this factor in developing diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches. People with CFS often face stigma and disbelief, which can be challenging and exacerbate the impact of their symptoms. The brain fog associated with CFS may interfere with work and social activities, leading to frustration, anxiety, and depression. It is important for individuals with CFS to seek understanding and support from healthcare providers and to connect with others who have similar experiences. Managing symptoms and finding coping strategies, both for physical fatigue and cognitive difficulties like brain fog, can be an ongoing process that requires a multidisciplinary approach and support from a healthcare team. Celiac Disease Celiac disease is an example of a condition that primarily affects the gut but can manifest with symptoms throughout the body. In individuals with celiac disease, the consumption of gluten triggers an immune response that leads to inflammation and damage to the small intestine. This results in

Jul 04

How To Boost Your Memory in Your 30s, 40s, 50s, and Beyond

How To Boost Your Memory in Your 30s, 40s, 50s, and Beyond It is common to experience occasional forgetfulness as we age, and various factors such as multitasking or menopausal brain fog may contribute to these lapses in memory. However, there are strategies that can reduce the frequency of forgetfulness. Experts suggest that by adopting certain lifestyle changes, you can improve your memory and cognitive function, regardless of your age. Here are some simple steps you can take to maintain mental sharpness as you grow older. How To Boost Memory in Your 30s Get Organized Maintaining organization in your life can support your memory and prevent forgetfulness. When you have a lot on your plate, it can be challenging to stay focused and remember everything you need to. Implementing some organization techniques can help enhance your memory. Here are a few tips to add more structure to your life: Follow a daily routine: Establishing a consistent daily routine can provide a sense of structure and make it easier to remember important tasks and activities. Plan out your day: Take some time each day to plan out your schedule and prioritize your tasks. Breaking them down into manageable chunks can help you stay organized and ensure nothing slips through the cracks. Make to-do lists: Create lists to keep track of your tasks and responsibilities. Writing them down not only helps you remember them but also gives you the satisfaction of crossing them off as you complete them. By incorporating these organizational strategies into your life, you can reduce the likelihood of missing important appointments or forgetting essential information. Work on Your Sleep Taking care of your sleep is crucial for maintaining a sharp memory, especially as you age. Changes in sleep patterns are common as you get older, including insufficient or poor-quality sleep. Most adults generally require at least seven hours of good sleep each night. Research has shown that sleep plays a vital role in memory consolidation, particularly for important memories that you want to retain for the future. It is during deep sleep that memories are strengthened. However, it’s worth noting that the ability to benefit from deep sleep starts to decline as you approach your late 30s. Prioritizing good quality sleep remains important until reaching that stage in your 30s. Here are a few tips to improve your sleep: Establish a consistent sleep schedule: Try to go to bed and wake up at the same time each day, even on weekends. Create a sleep-friendly environment: Make sure your bedroom is comfortable, quiet, and cool. Use dark curtains, earplugs, or white noise machines to block out any distractions. Adopt a relaxing bedtime routine: Engage in relaxing activities before bed, such as reading a book, taking a warm bath, or practicing mindfulness or meditation. Limit exposure to electronics before bed: The blue light emitted by electronic devices can interfere with your sleep. Avoid using electronic devices at least an hour before bed. By prioritizing and optimizing your sleep, you can improve your memory and overall cognitive function, regardless of your age. Make Some Changes to Your Diet While there is no magic food that can prevent or cure cognitive issues, certain foods have been associated with improved memory and brain health. Including these foods in your diet may be beneficial: Dark green leafy vegetables: Vegetables like spinach, kale, and broccoli are rich in nutrients and antioxidants that support brain health. Berries: Blueberries, strawberries, and other berries contain antioxidants that can protect the brain from oxidative stress and improve memory. Peanut butter: Peanut butter is a good source of vitamin E, which has been linked to a reduced risk of cognitive decline. Whole grains: Whole grains, such as brown rice, quinoa, and whole wheat bread, provide a steady supply of energy to the brain and promote overall brain health. Additionally, including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in your diet can be beneficial for memory. DHA is an omega-3 fatty acid found in fatty fish like salmon and trout, as well as fortified foods like yogurt. DHA has been shown to reduce arterial inflammation, improve nerve repair, and potentially decrease age-related memory loss, Alzheimer’s disease, and depression. It’s important to note that a healthy diet is just one aspect of maintaining brain health. Regular physical exercise, adequate sleep, and engaging in mentally stimulating activities are also crucial for optimizing cognitive function. Improving Your Memory in Your 40s Try Out Some Kids’ Toys Engaging in activities that challenge your thinking and problem-solving skills can be beneficial for brain health, regardless of your age. While kids’ toys like the Rubik’s Cube can be a fun option, there are many other games and activities that can provide similar benefits. The key is to choose activities that require mental effort and stimulate different cognitive functions. Some suggestions include: Crossword puzzles or word games: These games can help improve memory, vocabulary, and cognitive flexibility. Sudoku or other number-based puzzles: These puzzles enhance logical reasoning, concentration, and problem-solving abilities. Chess or strategy games: Games that involve strategic thinking and planning can sharpen your cognitive skills, including memory, reasoning, and decision-making. Jigsaw puzzles: Working on jigsaw puzzles can boost visual-spatial skills, attention to detail, and concentration. Brain training apps or online games: There are numerous digital platforms that offer games specifically designed to improve cognitive abilities, memory, and attention. The important thing is to find activities that you enjoy and that challenge your brain. Regularly engaging in these activities can help keep your mind sharp and contribute to overall brain health. Get Some Exercise Engaging in regular aerobic exercise, such as walking, can have significant benefits for brain health. By elevating your heart rate through exercise, you increase the flow of oxygen to your brain, promoting the growth of new cells and supporting its overall function. Numerous studies have demonstrated the positive impact of aerobic exercise on cognitive abilities, particularly executive functions like working memory. Research has shown that regular aerobic exercise is more effective in improving cognitive function than

Jul 03

9 Facts About Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental illness that influences a person’s ability to understand and connect with others. The disease is best understood as a “spectrum,” spanning a wide range of symptom intensity and encompassing a wide range of previously distinct medical disorders. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), around 1% of the world’s population, or 75 million individuals, have ASD. Despite how common ASD is, many common myths persist regarding it. Here are nine things regarding autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that you might not know. This includes symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for children. 1. Children Can Be Very Young When Diagnosed Children can receive a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as early as 18 months, although most diagnoses occur at 24 months or older when the diagnosis is considered more reliable, as stated by MedlinePlus. Prior to that age, children with autism may exhibit social communication deficits that are appropriate for their developmental stage. ASD is diagnosed based on behavioral observations and assessments since there are no medical or blood tests specifically for ASD. Healthcare providers typically conduct developmental screenings and comprehensive evaluations to assess a child’s behavior. This evaluation may include assessments of hearing, vision, and neurological function. In some cases, a follow-up visit to a specialist, such as a developmental pediatrician, may be recommended for further evaluation and support. 2. There’s a Wide Range of Symptoms The symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can vary greatly from person to person, with some individuals experiencing mild symptoms while others have more pronounced ones. In general, ASD symptoms often involve difficulties in communication and social interaction. People with ASD may struggle to understand and respond to others’ emotions and intentions, exhibit challenges in making eye contact, and have difficulty with social interactions and relationships. Repetitive behaviors and restricted interests are common among individuals with ASD. These may manifest as repetitive movements or actions, a strong focus on specific topics or objects, or the need for routine and sameness in daily activities. While some individuals with ASD may have difficulty with verbal communication, it is important to note that not all individuals with ASD are nonverbal. Approximately 40% of people with autism are nonverbal, according to Autism Speaks, but this varies among individuals. Other potential signs of ASD in children can include heightened sensitivity to sensory stimuli, intense tantrums or meltdowns, lack of response to their name being called, limited or absent pointing or gestures by 18 months of age, and a lack of engagement in pretend play activities. It is crucial to remember that these symptoms can vary and that an accurate diagnosis should be made by qualified healthcare professionals through comprehensive assessments and evaluations. 3. Prevalence Seems to Be Growing The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has shown a significant increase over the years. According to a 2021 report from the MMWR Surveillance Summaries, the prevalence has risen from 1 in 150 children being diagnosed to 1 in 44 since 2000. However, there is ongoing debate among experts regarding the reasons behind this increase. One factor that contributes to the rise in ASD prevalence is increased awareness and improved screening methods. As awareness about ASD has grown, more children are being identified and diagnosed with the disorder. Healthcare providers and educators are better equipped to recognize the signs and symptoms of ASD, leading to more accurate and timely diagnoses. Changes in diagnostic criteria also play a role in the increased prevalence. The criteria for diagnosing ASD have evolved over time, resulting in broader definitions and more inclusive criteria. This expansion has allowed for the identification of individuals who may have previously gone undiagnosed. However, it is important to note that the exact causes of the increased prevalence are still not fully understood. Some experts suggest that there may be underlying environmental or genetic factors contributing to the rise in ASD cases. Further research is needed to explore these factors and gain a better understanding of the true drivers behind the increased prevalence. Ultimately, the increase in ASD prevalence can be attributed to a combination of improved awareness, changes in diagnostic criteria, and potentially other factors. Ongoing research and collaboration among professionals in the field will help shed light on the causes and provide better insights into ASD. 4. Boys Are More Likely to Be Diagnosed Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are more commonly diagnosed in boys than in girls, with a prevalence rate of about four times higher in boys compared to girls. According to Autism Speaks, approximately 1 in 27 boys and 1 in 116 girls are reported to have ASD. Boys tend to be diagnosed with ASD earlier and more frequently than girls. However, there is growing evidence that girls with ASD may be underdiagnosed. Research suggests that girls often exhibit different patterns of ASD symptoms and may present with camouflaged symptoms that are missed during evaluations, contributing to the underdiagnosis. A study published in the Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders in May 2018 explored sex-based differences in ASD presentation among girls. The researchers highlighted the diagnosis gap between girls and boys and emphasized the need to recognize and understand the unique characteristics and challenges faced by girls with ASD. Underdiagnosis of ASD in girls may be attributed to fewer screenings and a lack of awareness about the diverse ways ASD can manifest in females. Societal expectations and stereotypes may also play a role. Girls with ASD may be perceived as shy or introverted, and their preference for solitary play or differences in social interactions may be overlooked or attributed to normal variations in behavior. In contrast, boys are often expected to exhibit more extroverted and social behaviors, making deviations from these expectations more noticeable. It is crucial to increase awareness and understanding of the unique presentation of ASD in girls. By addressing the gender disparities in ASD diagnosis, healthcare professionals can improve identification and provide appropriate support for girls with ASD. 5. Autism May Begin Before

Jul 03

6 Cognitive Distortions That Could Be Fueling Your Anxious Thoughts

Developing an awareness of different modes of thinking can greatly enhance one’s understanding and problem-solving abilities. It is possible to identify these patterns not only in oneself but also in others. When recognizing such patterns, it is important to acknowledge the occurrence of “mind traps” or “cognitive distortions” and take a step back. One particular cognitive distortion that we personally struggle with is catastrophizing, which we will address first. 1. Catastrophizing Amplifying anxiety, catastrophizing is a distorted thinking pattern that tends to magnify negative outcomes. It involves jumping to the worst possible conclusions or perceiving situations as far more dire than they truly are. Many of us can relate to this tendency to imagine worst-case scenarios, as it can become a default response. When faced with challenges or situations, our minds engage in a continuous “what-if” game, contemplating the potential occurrence of these worst-case scenarios. Catastrophizing can manifest in two primary ways: firstly, by casting a negative light on present circumstances, and secondly, by envisioning a future riddled with multiple anticipated misfortunes. Breaking free from this cycle may pose a challenge, but there are simple steps to acknowledge and control it, especially when dealing with anxiety: 1. Recognize the occurrence of catastrophizing: Be aware of when this thinking pattern takes hold. 2. Document your negative thoughts: Maintain a personal record of what transpired and objectively note your thoughts about the situation. Additionally, document your subsequent reactions or behaviors. 3. Adjust your self-talk: Foster a forgiving and hopeful internal dialogue. Instead of attempting to entirely eliminate catastrophizing, recognize that the worst-case scenario isn’t always as terrible as it may initially seem. By consciously applying these steps, you can work towards minimizing the impact of catastrophizing on your well-being and mindset. 2. Polarized Thinking Polarized thinking occurs when individuals perceive outcomes or viewpoints as strictly right or wrong, leaving no room for middle ground. This kind of thinking, characterized by the belief in absolute good or bad, sets unattainable standards and contributes to heightened stress levels. Polarized thinking becomes apparent when one’s hopes and expectations are solely centered around a single event or outcome, such as gaining admission to a desired college course, seeking approval from others, pursuing a specific income level, or striving for a particular level of satisfaction. To counter polarized thinking, it is essential to recognize that most things in life fall within a spectrum between triumph and tragedy. Understanding that there are various levels and shades of success and failure can help alleviate the pressure of extreme thinking. It’s important to internalize the understanding that no single accomplishment or failure will singularly determine one’s future happiness. Life is a dynamic journey, and growth and fulfillment come from a multitude of experiences, not just one specific outcome. Moreover, it is unrealistic to expect that personal values will remain static or that others will share the same values. Recognizing and accepting the diversity of perspectives and priorities among individuals can contribute to more balanced thinking. When confronted with the fear of failure, it can be helpful to assess the actual consequences of such an outcome and develop a plan for coping with them. By preparing for potential setbacks and having strategies in place, individuals can mitigate the overwhelming sense of catastrophe and better manage the situation. By adopting these approaches, individuals can challenge polarized thinking and cultivate a more flexible and resilient mindset, leading to reduced stress levels and a healthier perspective on success and failure. 3. Filtering Filtering is a cognitive distortion where individuals selectively focus on the negative aspects of a situation while disregarding or minimizing any positive elements. This skewed perception can lead to a distorted and pessimistic view of reality. To counter filtering, it is important to develop the ability to evaluate situations objectively and clearly, even if negative aspects stand out more prominently. This involves consciously challenging oneself to see the bigger picture and consider all aspects of a situation, including the positive ones that might have been filtered out. Seeking out positives within a given situation can help balance the perspective and counteract the tendency to solely focus on the negative. Actively searching for and acknowledging the favorable aspects can provide a more accurate and balanced view of reality. Another important step is to resist the inclination to downplay or minimize one’s efforts or achievements. Often, individuals engaging in filtering tend to dismiss their successes or discount their accomplishments. It is crucial to recognize and give credit to one’s own efforts and achievements, no matter how small they may seem. Additionally, acknowledging personal growth by comparing past performance can be helpful. Reflecting on how far one has come and how they have improved over time can provide a more realistic and positive outlook. By recognizing progress and learning from past experiences, individuals can cultivate a sense of self-awareness and motivation to continue growing and evolving. By consciously applying these strategies, individuals can counteract the effects of filtering and develop a more balanced and constructive perspective on situations, allowing for a healthier and more positive mindset. 4. Personalization Personalization is a cognitive distortion in which individuals believe that others’ actions, moods, or behaviors are a direct response to them personally. This leads to a constant evaluation of one’s worth and a tendency to compare oneself to others. To address personalization, it is crucial to recognize that not everything people do or say is about oneself. Understand that individuals may be experiencing a bad mood or going through their own personal challenges, which may have nothing to do with you. It’s important to acknowledge that their emotions are not necessarily a reflection of your actions or worth. Recognize that people have their own thoughts and concerns that may be unrelated to you. Avoid assuming that every action or expression is directed at you specifically. Others may have various factors influencing their behavior that have nothing to do with your actions or presence. If you genuinely believe that you might have done something to upset someone,

Jul 01

How Are a Narcissist and a Sociopath Different?

When encountering individuals who are challenging to interact with, it is common to use terms like “narcissist” and “sociopath” to describe them. However, it is important to recognize that these terms are not interchangeable and actually refer to two separate personality disorders: narcissistic personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder (also known as sociopathy). Gaining a deeper understanding of these serious conditions and the distinctions between them can enhance our comprehension of individuals with personality disorders and their unique challenges. Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is diagnosed when an individual exhibits pathological personality traits that can significantly impact their functioning in relationships, work, and society. The distinguishing factor is that these traits are extreme and pervasive, causing disruption in various aspects of their life. Common personality traits associated with NPD include self-centeredness, a belief in being superior or special, entitlement, a strong need for admiration and attention, envy towards others or a belief that others envy them, a poor reaction to criticism, and a tendency to play the victim. It is important to note that individuals with NPD have more than just typical narcissistic traits, as their condition significantly affects their daily life and relationships. The effects of NPD can be observed in various ways. For instance, individuals with NPD may rely heavily on the approval of others when setting goals for themselves. The lack of approval or validation can hinder their progress in work or school, potentially leading to negative outcomes such as job loss or academic setbacks. Additionally, individuals with NPD may experience intense mood swings and struggle with empathy, which can result in superficial relationships or the deterioration of existing ones. Certain risk factors have been identified for the development of NPD, including genetic predisposition and experiences of childhood trauma such as neglect or abuse, as well as excessive praise during childhood. Sociopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) Individuals with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), commonly referred to as “sociopaths,” exhibit behaviors characterized by a lack of empathy and disregard for others’ rights. As outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5), individuals with ASPD may display traits such as manipulativeness, deceitfulness, aggression, callousness, impulsivity, and irresponsibility. These personality traits can significantly impact self-treatment, interpersonal relationships, and social functioning. People with ASPD tend to prioritize their own desires over the well-being of others, struggle to form and maintain close relationships, exhibit intimidating or abusive behavior, and may face difficulties in employment. Individuals with ASPD are more prone to engaging in criminal behaviors, including violent crimes and financial fraud. They also have a higher likelihood of developing a substance use disorder. It is worth noting that a significant portion of the prison population, approximately 40%, is diagnosed with ASPD, whereas the prevalence in the general population is around 4%. ASPD typically emerges during childhood, and several risk factors have been identified for its development. These include genetic predisposition, having a parent with ASPD or a substance use disorder, displaying excessive aggression or conduct disorders during childhood, exhibiting symptoms of ADHD, engaging in cruelty towards animals during childhood, and experiencing a history of physical or sexual abuse. Narcissism vs. Sociopathy Differences NPD and ASPD are two different personality disorders. People with each disorder have distinct differences in behaviors and motivations. Interacting With Others In individuals with Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD), there is a tendency towards self-centeredness and a strong desire for attention and admiration from others. They often exhibit selfish and vain behaviors, seeking constant validation and praise to maintain their inflated sense of self-importance. The lack of attention or praise can lead to a sudden shift in their mood, resulting in unpleasant, rude, or cold behavior towards others. In contrast, individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) typically display a lack of concern for what others think of them, except in situations where they seek revenge or manipulation. They are dismissive of the concerns or feelings of others and do not depend on external approval or validation. Their primary focus is on their own needs and desires, with little regard for the opinions or approval of others. These distinctions highlight the different motivational factors and behavioral tendencies between NPD and ASPD. NPD revolves around maintaining a grandiose self-image and seeking continuous admiration, while ASPD is characterized by a disregard for others and a focus on personal goals without seeking external validation. Understanding Social Norms and Laws Individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) indeed demonstrate a lack of respect for laws, social norms, and commitments to others. They often prioritize their own desires and needs above societal rules and regulations. Their behavior is characterized by a disregard for the rights of others and a tendency to engage in impulsive and irresponsible actions without consideration for the consequences or societal expectations. On the other hand, individuals with Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) are more likely to conform to laws and social norms, at least superficially. They may be more conscious of their public image and may be inclined to maintain a favorable reputation. While they may display selfish and self-centered behaviors, they are generally less prone to engaging in antisocial behaviors, aggression, and deceitfulness towards others. Lacking Empathy Individuals with Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) and Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) indeed share a lack of empathy and may engage in behaviors that harm others. However, the underlying motivations and reasoning behind these behaviors differ between the two disorders. In the case of NPD, individuals may hurt and exploit others primarily due to their self-obsession and self-centeredness. Their actions stem from a constant preoccupation with themselves, seeking personal gain, admiration, and maintaining a positive image. They may disregard the feelings and well-being of others because their focus is primarily on their own needs and desires. Their behavior revolves around their reputation and self-aggrandizement. On the other hand, individuals with ASPD may deliberately harm others driven by impulsiveness, boredom, or a desire for revenge. Their actions are often impulsive and driven by personal gratification, without considering

Oct 13

4 Things Never to Say to Someone With Vitiligo—Even if You Don’t Mean Any Harm

Take note: All of these comments are unhelpful—and can even be hurtful. Vitiligo is a skin condition that affects millions of people worldwide, causing patches of skin to lose their natural color. The color of our skin is determined by a pigment called melanin, which is produced by melanocytes. When a person has vitiligo, these melanocytes either stop functioning or die, resulting in the loss of melanin production. This condition can affect anyone, regardless of their age or ethnicity, although it may be more noticeable in individuals with darker skin tones. While vitiligo is not life-threatening, it can profoundly impact an individual’s physical appearance and emotional well-being. Living with vitiligo can be challenging, especially when it develops during childhood, a period when children are learning about their bodies and forming their identities. Those with vitiligo often face bullying and insensitive comments, making it essential for us to be mindful of our words and actions when interacting with individuals living with this condition. In this exploration, we will hear from four individuals who have vitiligo and learn about the comments and behaviors that can be hurtful or insensitive when engaging with someone affected by this condition. 1. Avoid Asking if Vitiligo Is Contagious One of the most important things to remember when interacting with someone who has vitiligo is to avoid asking if the condition is contagious. Mariah Perkins, a 22-year-old living with vitiligo, shared her experience of someone asking her this question. Such inquiries can deeply affect individuals with vitiligo, as they imply that their skin is undesirable or even repulsive. For many, vitiligo onset occurs during adolescence, a vulnerable period when individuals may be particularly sensitive about their appearance. Mckyla Crowder, who has lived with vitiligo since the age of 4, echoed this sentiment, emphasizing the importance of treating people with vitiligo with the same respect and consideration as anyone else. She emphasized that individuals with vitiligo are still the same on the inside, and their condition does not define their worth or character. 2. Avoid Recommending Products to “Fix” Their Skin Another insensitive comment is suggesting products that claim to “fix” or conceal vitiligo-affected skin. Marian De Vos shared her experience of being referred to a product that promised to provide full coverage for her skin, similar to a foundation for the entire body. While some people with vitiligo may choose to cover their skin using makeup, it is a deeply personal decision that should not be influenced by unsolicited product recommendations. Mariah Perkins, too, went through a phase of using makeup to conceal her vitiligo, a practice that was both time-consuming and expensive. Eventually, she made the courageous decision to stop using makeup to hide her vitiligo. Similarly, Mckyla Crowder used makeup and layers of clothing to hide her symptoms, especially during high school, when she became acutely aware of her differences. However, she eventually embraced her true self and found a supportive community that helped her come out of her shell. 3. Avoid Labeling Their Skin as “Flawed” or “Imperfect” When interacting with someone with vitiligo, it is vital to refrain from using derogatory terms like “flawed” or “imperfect” to describe their skin. Such comments can have a profoundly negative impact on their self-esteem and body image. As Marian De Vos eloquently put it, referring to individuals with vitiligo as “imperfect” can cause them to doubt themselves and their self-worth. Embracing one’s appearance is challenging enough, and using derogatory language only adds to the burden. Mckyla Crowder emphasized that vitiligo is not a flaw, and it does not cause physical pain. Just as you wouldn’t label someone else’s condition as a “flaw,” it is crucial to extend the same courtesy to individuals with vitiligo. 4. Do Not Comment on New or Changing Spots Vitiligo is a condition that typically progresses slowly over time, with pigment loss spreading to involve more of the skin. Rarely, some individuals may experience repigmentation. It is essential to avoid pointing out changes in someone’s vitiligo-affected skin, as they are acutely aware of these developments. For individuals living with vitiligo, accepting the changing nature of their skin can be a challenging journey. Chelsey Hamilton, a 25-year-old with vitiligo, shared her experience of friends noticing new white patches on her skin. Such comments, even when well-intentioned, can be uncomfortable for individuals with vitiligo, as they are still coming to terms with their changing bodies. 5. Respect Their Privacy and Choices When meeting someone with vitiligo for the first time, it is important to respect their privacy and choices regarding their condition. Not everyone is ready to discuss or acknowledge their vitiligo openly, and making unsolicited comments about their skin can be distressing. Each person’s journey with vitiligo is unique, and some may not be ready to embrace their condition fully. In conclusion, understanding and supporting individuals with vitiligo requires sensitivity, empathy, and respect for their unique experiences and choices. Avoiding hurtful comments and behavior and treating them with kindness and understanding can go a long way in creating a more inclusive and supportive society for those living with vitiligo.