Category: Mental Health

Dec 09

Conditions That May Look Like Autism, but Aren’t

Autism, once a relatively unfamiliar term, has become increasingly prevalent in our vocabulary in recent decades. Autism, an abbreviation for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), is a neurodevelopmental condition associated with various brain pathway disorders that significantly impact an individual’s behavior and communication skills. ASD typically manifests in early childhood, but it’s important to acknowledge that adults can also receive an ASD diagnosis. The hallmark of ASD is its vast and diverse spectrum, encompassing a wide range of symptoms and severity levels. While there are common behaviors linked to ASD, the condition presents uniquely in each affected individual. Some exhibit mild symptoms, hardly noticeable to others, while others experience severe manifestations that significantly affect their daily lives. Autism shares some similarities with other conditions, leading to potential misdiagnoses or confusion. This article aims to explore these conditions that might be mistaken for autism and emphasizes the necessity of accurate diagnosis, as treating an individual for autism when they have a different condition can be counterproductive. Conditions That Can Mimic Autism: A Comprehensive Overview Misdiagnosis can occur when conditions exhibit symptoms similar to those of autism. The following conditions are noteworthy for their potential to be confused with autism: 1. Developmental Delays: These delays encompass various aspects such as speech, language, and other developmental milestones. They can manifest in issues related to language, speech, hearing, fine motor skills, social interactions, and cognitive abilities. While children with autism may experience developmental delays, these delays can arise from various causes, including lead poisoning, Down syndrome, or may even have an unknown origin. 2. Narrowed Interests: Children with autism sometimes develop intense interests in specific activities or objects. These interests can appear obsessive. However, it is essential to recognize that having narrowed interests alone does not signify autism. A complete ASD diagnosis should include other co-occurring symptoms, such as difficulties in social interactions. 3. Early Reading or High Intelligence: Children who display advanced reading skills at an early age or demonstrate signs of high intelligence might receive an autism diagnosis. This is especially true for children with hyperlexia, which refers to early reading or high intelligence paired with challenges in communication. It’s important to note that high intelligence and autism do not always co-occur, and conditions like hyperlexia can exist independently. 4. Sensory or Sensory Processing Issues: Some children exhibit extreme sensitivity to sensory stimuli, such as light, sound, or touch. Actions like hugging or exposure to loud noises can distress or inhibit their communication. While these issues may also manifest in children with autism, they are typically accompanied by other autism-related symptoms, such as speech delays. 5. Psychological Disorders: Certain psychological disorders can lead to behaviors that resemble autism, encompassing obsessive tendencies, speech and communication difficulties, and other challenges. Examples of such conditions include avoidant personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), reactive attachment disorder, social (pragmatic) communication disorder, and, albeit rarely in children, schizophrenia. 6. Lead Poisoning: Lead, a toxic metal, can cause brain damage when ingested by children through sources like paint chips or contaminated water. This can lead to developmental delays and learning difficulties, mirroring symptoms associated with autism. Although some research suggests a potential connection between lead poisoning and autism, this link remains unclear. Children treated for lead poisoning often witness symptom improvement, underscoring the importance of accurate diagnosis. 7. Genetic Disorders: While some genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome or tuberous sclerosis, can co-occur with autism, others may be mistaken for autism. Recent research has indicated that as many as 50% of children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, a genetic disorder, received a misdiagnosis of autism. The symptoms of this syndrome, including delayed speech development, can overlap with autism. Crucial Inquiries for Accurate Diagnosis To accurately diagnose autism, healthcare providers assess a child’s development and behavior. This evaluation typically involves questions directed to parents and, in some cases, children, a comprehensive health history review, and direct observations of the child’s behavior. If the healthcare provider suspects ASD, they may recommend a comprehensive evaluation. During this evaluation, a team of experts specializing in autism, including neurologists, psychologists, psychiatrists, speech therapists, and other professionals, conducts a series of tests and screenings to determine if the child has autism or another condition, such as a psychological or speech disorder. For parents who believe their child may have been misdiagnosed with autism or might have another underlying health issue, the following key questions can be posed to the child’s healthcare provider: 1. Hearing Assessment: Has my child undergone a thorough hearing evaluation? Hearing problems can lead to speech development delays and other issues that might be misattributed to autism. 2. Additional Diagnostic Tests: Are there any other diagnostic tests or screenings worth considering? For instance, if you reside in an older home with potential lead exposure, requesting lead level testing may be crucial. 3. Specialist Referrals: Should my child be evaluated by specialists, or a team of specialists, in addition to their primary physician? If your child has received an autism diagnosis, but you have concerns or questions, obtaining additional opinions and evaluations from neurologists, psychiatrists, or other ASD specialists can offer valuable insights. 4. Initiating Treatment: Can we commence treatment, even if the specific condition is uncertain? In cases where a child has a developmental delay that may or may not be autism, treatments such as occupational therapy, speech therapy, or social skills training can be beneficial in addressing specific needs. Conclusion Autism Spectrum Disorder is an intricate and multifaceted neurodevelopmental condition characterized by a wide spectrum of symptoms that can manifest differently among individuals. Recognizing the diverse signs and obtaining a precise diagnosis are pivotal for early intervention and the development of personalized treatment plans. While some conditions may exhibit symptoms that bear similarities to those of autism, it is imperative to delve into the realm of other potential causative factors and engage in close collaboration with healthcare professionals for comprehensive evaluations. An accurate diagnosis not only brings clarity but also ensures that individuals receive the most tailored and effective interventions, which can

Dec 09

AAC: Augmentative and Alternative Communication for Autism

In a world where an increasing number of children, teenagers, and adults are being diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), our approach to communication and education must evolve to accommodate the unique needs of these individuals. Fortunately, innovative techniques and technologies have emerged to provide vital support to those with ASD, notably through Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC). Understanding Augmentative and Alternative Communication AAC, an acronym that stands for Augmentative and Alternative Communication, encompasses various methods of communication employed by individuals who face challenges with spoken language. These individuals rely on AAC as an alternative or supplementary means of conveying their thoughts, needs, and emotions. AAC offers a lifeline to people with conditions such as cerebral palsy, intellectual disabilities, brain damage resulting from stroke or head injuries, and, most prominently, non-verbal individuals on the autism spectrum. AAC incorporates both aided and unaided communication methods, enabling users to express themselves effectively. Unaided Communication Modes Unaided communication involves methods that rely solely on the individual’s body and non-verbal capabilities. These modes include: 1. Facial Expressions: Expressing emotions and intentions through facial cues and expressions. 2. Hand Gestures: Using hand movements and signals to convey information. 3. Vocalizations: Emitting sounds and vocal cues to communicate, even without speech. 4. American Sign Language (ASL): A complete sign language system that allows individuals to communicate using gestures and signs. Unaided communication typically requires precise motor control and the presence of someone who can interpret the user’s non-verbal cues effectively. Aided Communication Modes Aided communication involves external tools and devices that assist individuals in expressing themselves. These devices can be divided into two categories: 1. Low-Tech Devices: These include communication boards, objects, pictures, visual schedules, and written communication. 2. High-Tech Devices: High-tech AAC encompasses a wide range of digital solutions, such as communication applications, text-to-speech apps, and texting via mobile devices and computers. It also includes recordable or digitized devices and advanced tools like Speech-Generating Devices (SGDs). Many individuals may use a combination of aided and unaided modes based on the context and their unique communication requirements. Diverse AAC Devices AAC devices are typically classified into three primary categories: 1. Single-Meaning Pictures: These devices allow users to select a picture representing a single word or message. Users may require initial training to understand the meaning of these pictures. 2. Alphabet-Based Systems: These devices utilize spelling and letter codes, necessitating a basic level of literacy for effective communication. 3. Semantic Compaction: Semantic compaction devices merge icons with multiple meanings to create words. They often require training to operate successfully. The Evolution of AAC Techniques AAC has evolved over the years, incorporating various techniques to assist individuals, both children and adults, in mastering the art of effective communication. These techniques include: 1. Visible Language: Visible language techniques, such as visual schedules, demonstrations of routines, and social stories, offer non-verbal children a means to communicate their needs and learn essential routines and skills. 2. Language Stimulation: Language stimulation employs a “monkey-see, monkey-do” approach, enabling caregivers to teach AAC by modeling AAC communication themselves. 3. Temptations: Using enticing objects as incentives can be a highly effective technique. By leveraging a favorite toy or snack, caregivers can encourage individuals to engage in AAC communication. 4. Repetition: Repetition plays a crucial role in embedding AAC techniques into daily routines. Consistency in practicing AAC methods fosters familiarity and proficiency. 5. Structure: Structure is pivotal for individuals with ASD. Establishing routines not only provides predictability but also fosters engagement and teamwork. 6. Written Choice: Written choice is particularly valuable for adults. It involves offering specific word choices related to a conversation topic, often combined with pictures to enhance comprehension. The Profound Benefits of AAC AAC yields a multitude of benefits, tailored to the unique needs of each user. For individuals on the autism spectrum, AAC: Addressing Common AAC Concerns While AAC holds tremendous promise for individuals with ASD, parents and patients may have valid concerns: 1. Age: Parents may wonder whether their child is too young to benefit from AAC. Research suggests that there is no age limit for AAC, and even toddlers younger than three can reap its benefits. 2. Motivation: Concerns often revolve around whether AAC hinders a child’s motivation to speak or delays language development. In reality, AAC has been shown to expedite language development in children. 3. Movement Limitations: Concerns may also arise for individuals with motor skill limitations. However, many AAC systems and devices can be utilized without the need for extensive physical manipulation, making communication accessible to a broader spectrum of individuals. In summary, Augmentative and Alternative Communication has revolutionized the way individuals with autism spectrum disorder interact with the world. As a flexible and adaptable approach, AAC offers tailored solutions to empower users, regardless of age or physical abilities, to effectively express themselves, cultivate routines, and acquire essential skills. By understanding and addressing the concerns surrounding AAC, we can ensure that its benefits are extended to those who need it most, fostering inclusivity and communication in the autism community.

Dec 09

Multifocal Motor Neuropathy

Multifocal Motor Neuropathy, commonly referred to as MMN, is a neurological disorder that primarily affects the motor nerves responsible for controlling your muscles. The hallmark of MMN is the impediment in transmitting electrical signals within your body, resulting in a weakening of the hands and arms, accompanied by muscle twitches and cramps. While MMN is a chronic condition, it is not life-threatening, and most cases can be effectively managed with appropriate treatment. In this comprehensive exploration of MMN, we will delve into its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options, shedding light on this condition to enhance understanding and awareness. Causes of Multifocal Motor Neuropathy The exact cause of MMN remains elusive. What is known, however, is that MMN is an autoimmune disease, characterized by an aberration in the immune system where it mistakenly attacks the body’s own nerve cells, perceiving them as foreign invaders. Ongoing research endeavors are dedicated to unraveling the precise triggers and mechanisms that underlie this autoimmune response. Uncovering these triggers is vital for developing more targeted and effective treatment strategies for MMN. Symptoms of Multifocal Motor Neuropathy The initial signs of MMN typically manifest in the hands and lower arms. Individuals with MMN may experience weakness, uncontrolled muscle cramping, and persistent twitching. This weakness and discomfort often commence in specific regions, such as the wrist or fingers, and tend to be more pronounced on one side of the body. Over time, MMN may progress to affect the legs. It is noteworthy that MMN is not associated with pain, and sensory functions of the hands and arms remain intact. Nevertheless, the symptoms of MMN tend to worsen gradually as individuals age. Getting a Diagnosis Diagnosing MMN is a meticulous process, as it shares symptomatic similarities with other neurological conditions, particularly Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease. To ascertain an accurate diagnosis, individuals exhibiting symptoms suggestive of MMN will typically be referred to a neurologist, a specialist in nervous system disorders. The diagnostic process involves a combination of clinical evaluation and specific tests. The neurologist will conduct a thorough physical examination and inquire about the nature and duration of the symptoms. Key questions may include: Furthermore, the diagnostic process may encompass the following tests: Treatment Options for Multifocal Motor Neuropathy The treatment of MMN is tailored to the severity of the symptoms and their impact on an individual’s daily life. In cases of mild symptoms, treatment may not be immediately necessary. However, for those who require intervention, there are several treatment options available, with the primary goal of enhancing muscle strength and minimizing the progression of the condition. Taking Care of Yourself with MMN Early diagnosis and treatment are pivotal in managing MMN and reducing the severity of symptoms. Adherence to the recommended treatment plan and open communication with your healthcare provider are essential components of managing the condition. Additionally, occupational and physical therapy may be beneficial for individuals experiencing difficulties with daily activities. These therapies can help maintain muscle strength and provide strategies for accomplishing routine tasks with greater ease. What to Expect Living with MMN The impact of MMN on an individual’s life can vary widely depending on the specific muscles affected and the severity of the condition. Many individuals with MMN are capable of maintaining most, if not all, of their normal activities. However, for some, the disease may progress to the point where daily tasks become challenging. The specific challenges faced by individuals with MMN correlate with the muscles impacted. Weakness in hand muscles can hinder activities such as eating, typing, writing, and buttoning clothes, while weakness in leg muscles may result in difficulties with walking. For those with severe MMN, these limitations can affect various aspects of daily life. In conclusion, Multifocal Motor Neuropathy is a complex neurological condition that primarily affects the motor nerves controlling muscle movements. While the exact cause remains unclear, ongoing research is shedding light on the autoimmune nature of the disease. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, such as IVIg, can significantly improve the quality of life for individuals living with MMN. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and available treatments, individuals and their healthcare providers can collaborate to effectively manage this condition and maintain a fulfilling and active lifestyle.

Dec 09

Epilepsy and the Corpus Callosotomy

The corpus callosum, an intricate band of nerve fibers deeply ensconced within the brain, plays a pivotal role in bridging the two cerebral hemispheres. This neurological superhighway facilitates the exchange of information between the brain’s halves, but it also harbors a darker aspect—it can act as a conduit for the spread of debilitating seizure impulses from one hemisphere to the other. A corpus callosotomy, a surgical procedure involving the severing of this neural bridge, emerges as a profound intervention that effectively disrupts the propagation of seizures between brain hemispheres. Though this procedure does not render seizures completely impotent, it significantly mitigates their intensity by confining them to their originating hemisphere. Identifying Candidates for Corpus Callosotomy Referred to colloquially as split-brain surgery, corpus callosotomies are reserved for individuals grappling with the most severe and uncontrollable forms of epilepsy. Such cases typically involve relentless seizures affecting both cerebral hemispheres, and often occur in patients unresponsive to conventional antiseizure medications. Therefore, the procedure is recommended when other treatment avenues have proven futile. Preparations Before Corpus Callosotomy Before embarking on the surgical journey, potential candidates undergo an extensive pre-surgery evaluation. This in-depth assessment includes seizure monitoring, electroencephalography (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) scans. These diagnostic tools enable medical professionals to precisely identify the point of seizure origination and map out the patterns of seizure propagation within the brain. Such critical information informs the decision-making process, ensuring the appropriateness of a corpus callosotomy. A Glimpse into the Surgical Procedure The corpus callosotomy itself is an intricate and highly delicate surgical endeavor. It necessitates the meticulous exposure of the brain through a procedure known as a craniotomy. Prior to the surgery, the patient is placed under anesthesia to ensure they remain unconscious and free from pain. Subsequently, an incision is made in the scalp, followed by the removal of a piece of bone and the retraction of the dura, the protective membrane encapsulating the brain. This procedure provides a clear “window” through which specialized instruments are inserted to disconnect the corpus callosum. With great care and precision, the surgeon gently separates the cerebral hemispheres to access and sever the corpus callosum. To aid in this delicate process, surgical microscopes are employed to provide a magnified view of the intricate brain structures. In certain scenarios, a corpus callosotomy is conducted in two stages. In the initial operation, the anterior two-thirds of the corpus callosum is severed, while the posterior section is preserved to enable the continued sharing of visual information between hemispheres. However, if this initial intervention fails to control the severe seizures, the remaining portion of the corpus callosum may be cut in a second surgical session. Once the corpus callosum is effectively severed, the dura and bone are securely repositioned, and the scalp is meticulously closed using either stitches or staples. Post-Operative Care and Recovery Following a corpus callosotomy, patients typically remain in the hospital for a period spanning two to four days. Subsequently, most individuals can resume their usual activities, including work or school, within six to eight weeks post-surgery. The hair surrounding the incision site eventually conceals the surgical scar, allowing for a semblance of normalcy. Patients will continue to take antiseizure medications as part of their ongoing treatment plan. Efficacy of Corpus Callosotomy A corpus callosotomy has proven to be highly effective in curtailing drop attacks or atonic seizures, characterized by sudden loss of muscle tone and resultant falls. In approximately 50% to 75% of cases, these seizures are successfully suppressed, thereby reducing the risk of injury and significantly enhancing the patient’s quality of life. Unveiling the Side Effects of Corpus Callosotomy Although corpus callosotomies are undeniably life-altering in their positive impact, they can give rise to certain side effects, albeit typically temporary in nature. These may include: 1. Scalp Numbness: Some patients may experience numbness in the scalp following the surgery. 2. Nausea: Post-surgery, feelings of nausea may be experienced. 3. Fatigue and Depression: A temporary sense of fatigue or emotional distress may occur in the wake of the procedure. 4. Headaches: Headaches are a potential side effect of the surgery. 5. Cognitive Impairments: Patients may encounter difficulties with speaking, memory, or word retrieval. 6. Motor Impairments: Corpus callosotomy can lead to paralysis, muscle weakness, or loss of sensation. 7. Personality Changes: Patients may exhibit alterations in personality characteristics following the procedure. Exploring the Risks Associated with Corpus Callosotomy While serious complications are relatively rare with corpus callosotomies, they are not without risks. These potential risks encompass: 1. Surgical Risks: Such as infection, bleeding, or adverse reactions to anesthesia. 2. Brain Swelling: An unfortunate outcome of the surgery can be swelling in the brain. 3. Hemispatial Neglect: Some patients may experience a lack of awareness on one side of their body. 4. Coordination Issues: Post-surgery, a loss of coordination may manifest. 5. Speech Problems: Stuttering or other speech issues can be a consequence of the procedure. 6. Partial Seizure Increase: On occasion, corpus callosotomy may lead to an increase in partial seizures confined to one side of the brain. 7. Stroke: There is a slight risk of stroke associated with the surgery, although it is relatively uncommon. In conclusion, corpus callosotomy, or split-brain surgery, stands as a remarkable medical intervention that can dramatically improve the quality of life for individuals with intractable epilepsy. Despite potential side effects and risks, the procedure’s effectiveness in mitigating seizures and preventing drop attacks underscores its importance in the field of neurosurgery. As medical science continues to advance, it is likely that corpus callosotomies will continue to evolve, offering new hope and improved outcomes for those suffering from this debilitating condition.

Oct 13

4 Things Never to Say to Someone With Vitiligo—Even if You Don’t Mean Any Harm

Take note: All of these comments are unhelpful—and can even be hurtful. Vitiligo is a skin condition that affects millions of people worldwide, causing patches of skin to lose their natural color. The color of our skin is determined by a pigment called melanin, which is produced by melanocytes. When a person has vitiligo, these melanocytes either stop functioning or die, resulting in the loss of melanin production. This condition can affect anyone, regardless of their age or ethnicity, although it may be more noticeable in individuals with darker skin tones. While vitiligo is not life-threatening, it can profoundly impact an individual’s physical appearance and emotional well-being. Living with vitiligo can be challenging, especially when it develops during childhood, a period when children are learning about their bodies and forming their identities. Those with vitiligo often face bullying and insensitive comments, making it essential for us to be mindful of our words and actions when interacting with individuals living with this condition. In this exploration, we will hear from four individuals who have vitiligo and learn about the comments and behaviors that can be hurtful or insensitive when engaging with someone affected by this condition. 1. Avoid Asking if Vitiligo Is Contagious One of the most important things to remember when interacting with someone who has vitiligo is to avoid asking if the condition is contagious. Mariah Perkins, a 22-year-old living with vitiligo, shared her experience of someone asking her this question. Such inquiries can deeply affect individuals with vitiligo, as they imply that their skin is undesirable or even repulsive. For many, vitiligo onset occurs during adolescence, a vulnerable period when individuals may be particularly sensitive about their appearance. Mckyla Crowder, who has lived with vitiligo since the age of 4, echoed this sentiment, emphasizing the importance of treating people with vitiligo with the same respect and consideration as anyone else. She emphasized that individuals with vitiligo are still the same on the inside, and their condition does not define their worth or character. 2. Avoid Recommending Products to “Fix” Their Skin Another insensitive comment is suggesting products that claim to “fix” or conceal vitiligo-affected skin. Marian De Vos shared her experience of being referred to a product that promised to provide full coverage for her skin, similar to a foundation for the entire body. While some people with vitiligo may choose to cover their skin using makeup, it is a deeply personal decision that should not be influenced by unsolicited product recommendations. Mariah Perkins, too, went through a phase of using makeup to conceal her vitiligo, a practice that was both time-consuming and expensive. Eventually, she made the courageous decision to stop using makeup to hide her vitiligo. Similarly, Mckyla Crowder used makeup and layers of clothing to hide her symptoms, especially during high school, when she became acutely aware of her differences. However, she eventually embraced her true self and found a supportive community that helped her come out of her shell. 3. Avoid Labeling Their Skin as “Flawed” or “Imperfect” When interacting with someone with vitiligo, it is vital to refrain from using derogatory terms like “flawed” or “imperfect” to describe their skin. Such comments can have a profoundly negative impact on their self-esteem and body image. As Marian De Vos eloquently put it, referring to individuals with vitiligo as “imperfect” can cause them to doubt themselves and their self-worth. Embracing one’s appearance is challenging enough, and using derogatory language only adds to the burden. Mckyla Crowder emphasized that vitiligo is not a flaw, and it does not cause physical pain. Just as you wouldn’t label someone else’s condition as a “flaw,” it is crucial to extend the same courtesy to individuals with vitiligo. 4. Do Not Comment on New or Changing Spots Vitiligo is a condition that typically progresses slowly over time, with pigment loss spreading to involve more of the skin. Rarely, some individuals may experience repigmentation. It is essential to avoid pointing out changes in someone’s vitiligo-affected skin, as they are acutely aware of these developments. For individuals living with vitiligo, accepting the changing nature of their skin can be a challenging journey. Chelsey Hamilton, a 25-year-old with vitiligo, shared her experience of friends noticing new white patches on her skin. Such comments, even when well-intentioned, can be uncomfortable for individuals with vitiligo, as they are still coming to terms with their changing bodies. 5. Respect Their Privacy and Choices When meeting someone with vitiligo for the first time, it is important to respect their privacy and choices regarding their condition. Not everyone is ready to discuss or acknowledge their vitiligo openly, and making unsolicited comments about their skin can be distressing. Each person’s journey with vitiligo is unique, and some may not be ready to embrace their condition fully. In conclusion, understanding and supporting individuals with vitiligo requires sensitivity, empathy, and respect for their unique experiences and choices. Avoiding hurtful comments and behavior and treating them with kindness and understanding can go a long way in creating a more inclusive and supportive society for those living with vitiligo.

Sep 05

Signs and Symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease is a neurological condition that profoundly impacts cognitive functions such as memory, reasoning, and language. In the United States, over 6 million individuals aged 65 and above are affected by this disease. It’s important to distinguish between Alzheimer’s disease and the term “dementia.” While dementia is a broad term encompassing cognitive decline, including memory, thinking, and reasoning issues, Alzheimer’s specifically refers to a distinct disease. In the early stages of Alzheimer’s, individuals may encounter difficulties with memory, word retrieval, and occasional lapses in judgment. The disease typically progresses from mild (early-stage) to moderate and eventually severe (late-stage) Alzheimer’s. Symptoms The symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease primarily involve disruptions in cognitive functions. When diagnosing Alzheimer’s, healthcare professionals consider the following major categories of symptoms:4 In addition to these major symptom categories, individuals with Alzheimer’s may also experience the following: Early Warning Signs As you age, it’s normal to experience some memory changes. However, if you or those around you notice the following issues occurring more frequently, it’s important to consider speaking to a healthcare provider for a comprehensive evaluation:6 Mild (Early-Stage) Alzheimer’s Disease Symptoms During the early stage of Alzheimer’s disease, individuals often receive a diagnosis as symptoms become noticeable. In this mild stage, cognitive, behavioral, and personality changes begin to affect daily life on a frequent basis Cognition: Other cognitive issues may include difficulties with: Behavior: Individuals with mild Alzheimer’s may display the following behaviors: Personality: In the early stage of Alzheimer’s, individuals may experience new or intensified manifestations of: Moderate Alzheimer’s Disease Symptoms In moderate Alzheimer’s disease, the areas of the brain responsible for language, reasoning, thought processes, and sensory perception are further affected. Individuals at this stage require increased assistance and supervision. As the symptoms that were present in the early stage progress, new concerns arise. Cognitive, behavioral, and psychological changes become more pronounced, including difficulties in: Additionally, individuals may experience physical symptoms, including: Severe (Late-Stage) Alzheimer’s Disease Symptoms In the late stage of Alzheimer’s disease, significant changes occur in the brain, resulting in physical shrinkage of brain tissue. Individuals with severe Alzheimer’s are typically unable to communicate effectively and require full assistance with their daily care. They experience a wide range of physical concerns and rely entirely on their caregivers. They are often bedridden or spend most of their time in bed. At this stage, individuals with late-stage Alzheimer’s may struggle or be unable to perform the following tasks: In addition to the cognitive and functional challenges, individuals in the late stage of Alzheimer’s may also experience various physical issues, including: When to See a Healthcare Provider If you are experiencing memory or cognitive issues that are interfering with your daily life, it is important to seek guidance from a healthcare provider. Additionally, if people around you have noticed changes in your mood, personality, or ability to complete tasks, it is worth considering a conversation with a healthcare professional. To begin, you can schedule an appointment with a primary care doctor who can assess your condition and provide initial guidance. Depending on their evaluation, they may refer you to a neurologist, who specializes in brain and spinal cord conditions, or a geriatrician, who specializes in aging and care for older adults. A neuropsychologist can conduct memory and cognitive assessments, while a geriatric psychiatrist can evaluate any emotional difficulties you may be experiencing. Seeking medical attention as soon as you or others observe changes in your cognitive abilities can lead to earlier and more effective Alzheimer’s treatment. It is also possible that the symptoms may be caused by another treatable or curable condition, such as vitamin D deficiency or medication side effects. Remember, consulting with a healthcare provider will help provide a proper evaluation, diagnosis, and appropriate care for your specific situation. Rapid recap While occasional memory or cognitive issues are common with aging, Alzheimer’s disease leads to dementia and significant cognitive loss that interferes with daily life. Initially, Alzheimer’s affects cognition, personality, and behavior, eventually progressing to difficulties with basic tasks and a loss of communication and self-care abilities. If you or those around you notice changes in thinking, personality, or mood, it is important to seek advice from a healthcare provider. This can include a primary care doctor, neurologist, or geriatrician, who can help rule out other potential causes and initiate early Alzheimer’s treatment and planning as necessary. Taking action and seeking professional guidance can lead to appropriate support and care.

Sep 05

The financial consequences of time blindness, an ADHD symptom

Symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) include restlessness, impulsive behavior, and difficulty sitting still. The mental condition ADHD has numerous other symptoms, such as time blindness and impulsive spending, that are often disregarded. All of ADHD’s symptoms can have a significant impact on a person’s daily life. Those less common symptoms of time blindness and impulsive spending make it extremely difficult for me to keep track of my money. Inaccurate time perception, or “time blindness,” can have serious consequences. ADHD Subtypes First, ADHD exists on a continuum, with two or three distinct types depending on your criteria. Hyperactive-impulsive and apathetic are the two most common categories. It’s unlikely, though, that your symptoms will fall into one of those two groups. A combination type diagnosis is given to a large percentage of the population. Some people with the neurodevelopmental condition may be restless and fidgety, while others may stare blankly out the window or veer erratically between hyperfocus and distraction. There is mounting evidence that persons with ADHD may experience serious difficulties with their perception of time, which can be just as devastating as the disorder’s more well-known manifestations. Underdiagnosis is a possibility. I was diagnosed with ADHD at the age of 35, but I’d known since I was a kid that my brain was wired differently. Among women my age, underdiagnosis of ADHD is rather typical. In reality, studies conducted between 1997 and 1998 indicated that only approximately 3% of females were diagnosed with ADHD. That’s about the time I realized I needed to do something about my restless leg syndrome if I ever wanted to pay attention in class. The same time period saw a threefold increase in the number of male patients diagnosed by medical professionals. There has long been a disparity between the sexes when it comes to ADHD diagnosis, despite the fact that the number of children diagnosed has increased dramatically since then (11.7% for men and 8.8% for girls in 2019). This void persists in the current diagnostic system.There are three places dedicated to preventing disease. Adults might also suffer from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This mental illness has long-lasting consequences that can compromise an adult’s quality of life and professional prospects.\ Symptoms of Impulsive Behavior Many individuals with ADHD have told researchers that they struggle to maintain employment and frequently face financial difficulties A 2015 research published in the Lancet followed 1.92 million participants over 32 years; among them, 32,061 were diagnosed with ADHD. The study found that persons with ADHD had a greater death rate than those without the disorder. Researchers also attributed the elevated death rate to the following factors: Depression, anxiety, obesity, and diabetes are among diseases that may worsen in people with untreated ADHD. Adverse health effects from ADHD can be avoided with early diagnosis and treatment. There is mounting evidence that many people are able to convert their symptoms into highly adaptable characteristics that help them lead fulfilling lives.6 Many potentially harmful actions, such as time blindness, stem from an inability to accurately weigh potential benefits and drawbacks. What is “time blindness”? Time blindness is the inability to see beyond the immediate. “ADHD is, at its core, a blindness to time,” said Russell Barkley, PhD, an ADHD researcher, at a discussion for the Centre for ADHD Awareness Canada (CADDAC) in 2009. persons with ADHD are like nearsighted persons in that they can only focus on the immediate future. West Chester, Pennsylvania-based psychologist Ari Tuckman, PsyD, concurs with Barkley’s characterization. Tuckman suggested that people with ADHD’s time blindness contributed to our propensity for impulsive attention. According to Tuckman, “good attention regulation is choosing the right thing moment by moment,” while “distractibility” is defined as changing your focus when you should have maintained it. “The antithesis of that is hyperfocus. You refuse to move when you should. All of these causes of time blindness can make people with ADHD more likely to rack up debt. They live for the moment and have an attitude of “I’ll spend now and pay later,” even when “later” never comes. It seems like a failure to understand the significance of time in a way that leads to effective action. For instance, I know that I need to take a break from writing these lines in order to respond to a few emails. However, I cannot predict when I will stop or how far in advance I should prepare. Leaving the house is another common example. The time it will take me to get ready is impossible to predict. I can only provide a rough estimate at this time. I’m not trying to be difficult, and I can’t train myself to be good at judging time. Similarly, a person who is colorblind would always struggle to tell the difference between red and green. Consequences of Time Ignorance The consequences of failing to recognize the passage of time can be devastating. Meetings are missed by those with ADHD at work or in the classroom. They might be too preoccupied with work to remember to go to the office or retrieve their children from school. If you have trouble keeping track of time, you can forget to do basic grownup things like go grocery shopping, fill up the gas tank, or pay the rent on time. These actions might be interpreted as disrespectful or lazy by others. However, time blindness and other cognitive problems can be explained by reduced activity in the prefrontal brain. The prefrontal cortex is the part of the brain that controls executive functions including attention and decision-making. Time blindness has far-reaching monetary repercussions. Tuckman suggests that persons with ADHD may have poorer credit ratings because they are more likely to miss a bill payment. They may have trouble qualifying for a mortgage, auto loan, or any loan as all. Tuckman coined the term “ADHD tax” to describe the financial penalties associated with hyperactivity disorder. However, people with ADHD face challenges in other, more subtle ways. According to Tuckman, people with ADHD

Sep 05

This summer, some people with ADHD are going on “medication holidays”—but is that wise?

Some TikTok producers are bragging about the positive effects of taking a break from their ADHD medication, which is also known as a “medication holiday,” “medication vacation,” or “drug holiday.” Taking a break from medication over the weekend may provide some persons with ADHD with a welcome change of pace. However, some TikTok parents are advocating for a lengthy break from their child’s ADHD medication throughout the summer months. Anish Ranjan Dube, MD, head of the Council on Children, Adolescents, and Their Families at the American Psychiatric Association, noted that the decision to take such a break from doctor-prescribed medicine is not one-size-fits-all and should not be swayed by individuals on social media platforms. Because of differences in biology, severity of the pathology, and circumstances, “recommendations by individual users or content based on the personal experiences of such users may have social value in that others may relate to them,” he told Health. Dr. David Goodman, an adjunct faculty member in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Johns Hopkins University, concurs. He pointed out that many of the individuals sharing their personal experiences on social media have had really unusual ones. Goodman, director of the Adult Attention Deficit Disorder Center of Maryland, told Health that “all those lived experiences are very individual and so what one person says has worked or hasn’t worked for them doesn’t necessarily mean that it’s going to work or not work for you.” Call your doctor or pharmacist for guidance regularly. Possible Consequences of Abandoning ADHD Medication Many TikTok users with ADHD create the idea in their “medication vacations” that the medicine’s effects would disappear as soon as they stop taking it. According to Goodman, stimulant medicine, the standard treatment for ADHD, fits this description. Stopping the usage of a stimulant drug will have little to no effect on your condition. “In terms of how long it will be in your system, it will be gone from your body after a day following your final dose. “The benefit is recaptured when you use it again,” he explained. Goodman, however, cautioned that it takes a few of weeks to detect an impact if you quit using non-stimulants like atomoxetine or viloxazine.1 It takes two weeks for the effects of non-stimulants to become noticeable, and even after discontinuing use, the effects might linger for up to two weeks. This is similar to the mechanism of action of antidepressants. The Case for Taking a Break From Medicating Their Kids There are a number of scenarios in which parents could consider temporarily suspending their child’s ADHD medication treatment. Some parents have taken to TikTok to announce that they are weaning their child off of ADHD medication so that the youngster may be more like their “true self.” Goodman suggested that parents’ concerns about their children’s “muted down” emotional reactions and social participation may be what they mean. To combat their focus problems in the classroom, some kids take medication for ADHD.2 Dube speculated that these children would be able to handle a pharmaceutical break throughout the summer without suffering any ill effects. In any case, he emphasized that certain people (particularly teenagers) may have symptoms of ADHD that are debilitating while activities such as driving, causing easy distractibility or carelessness, thus it is necessary for them to continue taking their meds. A pharmaceutical holiday may trigger a return of symptoms and accompanying impairment “if the medication is helping treat a symptom (or symptoms) that severely affect(s) multiple aspects of one’s life,” as stated by Dube. According to the article, “in such cases, it may be more beneficial to remain on the medication.” Goodman said that stimulants can cause children and teenagers to lose weight and height, which is another reason why parents would want their children to take a break from the medicine.3 The idea is that “the impact on appetite and weight will be less if you decrease the exposure [of medication] over time,” he added. Do Adults Benefit from Taking a Break from Their Medications? Goodman stressed the need of maintaining regular dosing for people who have been diagnosed with ADHD and provided medication. Because “ADHD symptoms show up in work, social relationships, and emotional control,” he advised taking medication around the clock. “Adults are also not as worried about their size as kids are.” However, he did say that there are times when pausing or changing medication is required. Reducing Adverse Reactions to ADHD Drugs According to Goodman, people can experiment with different dosages of ADHD medicine until they discover the optimal one. However, if undesirable symptoms emerge, doctors may reduce the dosage. “Before you change the dose, you have to figure out if the side effects are from the ADHD medication or are a function of additional medication that was added that is now having an interaction with your ADHD medication,” he said. Avoiding withdrawal symptoms by suddenly quitting pharmaceutical use is not recommended. Goodman claims that “more than 30 different stimulant preparations are available.” As the prognosis goes, “it’s very likely you can find something that you can take that does what it’s supposed to do, that lasts as long as you’d like it to last, and doesn’t cause problems.” Preventing Problems with Tolerance Tolerance problems are cited by several TikTokers as the cause for their drug break. Goodman, however, claims that most persons suffer micro-tolerance, meaning that the following day’s dose has a greater impact if the previous day’s dose was missed. According to Goodman, when tolerance becomes a major problem requiring additional review, this is known as macro-tolerance and is related to the gradual increase in dosage over time. That’s physiologic tolerance, where you need a higher dose to get the same effect, which is why you went from 10 mg to 20 mg to 116 mg after five years. That’s a major issue,” he remarked. It’s Important to See a Doctor Goodman recommended discussing the possibility of getting a tattoo with a physician before giving in to peer

Sep 05

9 Surprising Memory Loss Causes Later in Life

Genetics and aging are significant factors that contribute to memory loss and dementia, which refers to the decline in cognitive functions such as thinking, remembering, and reasoning, as highlighted by the National Institute on Aging (NIA). It is estimated that around one-third of individuals aged 85 and older may experience dementia, underscoring the importance of recognizing early signs and risk factors associated with the condition. While Alzheimer’s disease is the primary cause of dementia, there are other conditions that can also lead to memory and cognitive impairments. Although the exact causes of cognitive issues are not fully understood, researchers have identified several factors that are associated with an increased risk of dementia. Interestingly, some of these factors, such as depression, can both contribute to the development of dementia and serve as potential indicators of the condition. Therefore, it is crucial to be vigilant and address these risk factors and signs early on for optimal management and support. Poor Sleep Poor sleep has various detrimental effects on the brain, and prolonged sleep disturbances may contribute to processes that increase the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. In addition to Alzheimer’s, other sleep-related issues such as insomnia, sleep apnea, inadequate sleep duration (less than 5 hours or more than 10 hours per night), and overall poor sleep quality have also been associated with an increased risk of dementia, as stated in an August 2018 publication in Sleep Medicine Reviews. Interestingly, Alzheimer’s disease itself can further disrupt sleep patterns, exacerbating symptoms of the condition. A July 2020 report published in Lancet Commissions highlights the bidirectional relationship between Alzheimer’s and sleep disturbances, indicating that disrupted sleep can negatively impact the symptoms and progression of the disease. Taken together, these findings underscore the crucial role of sleep in brain health and emphasize the importance of addressing sleep issues as a potential risk factor and target for intervention in preventing or managing dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Loneliness Social isolation has been identified as a potential contributor to the decline of certain cognitive functions, including memory. On the other hand, engaging in social activities and having larger social networks in later life have been associated with better cognitive functioning, as noted in an August 2019 review published in the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. It is important to consider that social isolation may not necessarily cause dementia, but could be an early symptom of the condition. The March 2021 review published in Alzheimer’s & Dementia suggests that individuals experiencing memory loss may withdraw from social interactions due to challenges in participating in hobbies or keeping up with their interests, potentially leading to social isolation. These findings highlight the potential protective effects of socializing and maintaining social connections in maintaining cognitive health. While the relationship between social isolation and dementia is complex and may involve bidirectional influences, prioritizing social engagement and maintaining social networks may contribute positively to cognitive well-being. Head Injuries Head injuries, or traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), have been associated with an increased risk of dementia, as highlighted in the March 2021 review. This risk is particularly elevated in individuals who have experienced multiple TBIs or a severe TBI, as indicated by an April 2018 study published in Lancet Psychiatry. The exact mechanisms underlying the link between head injuries and dementia are not fully understood and may vary depending on the severity of the injury, as suggested by a September 2018 study published in JAMA Neurology. Further research is needed to better comprehend the specific reasons why head injuries contribute to the development of dementia. It is important to prioritize prevention and proper management of head injuries, seeking medical attention and following appropriate protocols for evaluation and treatment. Taking steps to minimize the risk of head injuries, particularly repeated or severe ones, can potentially help reduce the associated risk of developing dementia. Air Pollution Exposure to air pollutants, as indicated by the August 2019 review in the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, has been associated with an increased risk of dementia. Specifically, high levels of PM2.5 (particulate matter) and NO2/NOx (harmful gases) in the air can lead to brain inflammation. PM2.5 refers to tiny particles in the air that can originate from various sources including power plants, construction sites, and fires, according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). On the other hand, NO2/NOx are gases emitted from burning fuel in vehicles and power plants, also per the EPA. Exposure to high levels of NO2 can result in respiratory issues such as asthma, as highlighted by the EPA. Furthermore, PM2.5 air pollution has been linked to various health problems, including heart disease, kidney disease, high blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes, as stated in a November 2019 study published in the journal JAMA Network Open. Reducing exposure to air pollutants, such as through improved air quality regulations, minimizing personal exposure in polluted areas, and using air filtration systems, may play a role in mitigating the associated health risks, including the potential impact on dementia. Heavy Alcohol Use and Smoking Heavy alcohol use, as noted in the July 2020 report, can lead to changes in brain structures that may contribute to cognitive issues. Drinking more than 21 units of alcohol per week (equivalent to about two bottles of wine) can increase the risk of cognitive decline. However, there is no evidence to suggest that light or moderate drinking has detrimental effects on cognitive functioning later in life. A review published in January 2019 in the journal Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy proposed that reducing alcohol consumption could be a strategy for preventing dementia, although further research is needed to establish a definitive link. It is generally recommended to limit alcohol intake to about 14 units per week (equivalent to approximately 6 pints of average-strength beer), spread out over multiple days. Smoking is also associated with an increased risk of dementia. However, quitting smoking has been shown to potentially reduce this risk, as indicated by a September 2018 study published in the journal Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology. Quitting smoking

Sep 05

How to Go Back to Sleep After Waking up With Anxiety

Experiencing anxiety in the middle of the night can disrupt your sleep and make it challenging to fall back asleep. The connection between anxiety and sleep is significant, as anxiety can exacerbate sleep disorders like insomnia, while insufficient sleep can also worsen anxiety symptoms. When nighttime worries strike, it’s crucial to take proactive measures to manage anxiety and promote better sleep for your overall well-being. Why Would Anxiety Cause Someone to Wake Up in the Middle of the Night Stressful life events and anxiety can lead to a state of heightened mental and emotional arousal called hyperarousal. This can disrupt your body’s natural fight-or-flight response, which is regulated by hormones like noradrenaline (norepinephrine). Normally, in the morning, your brain releases more noradrenaline, which keeps you awake and alert. However, when stress is present during the day, it can disrupt your sleep at night, particularly if your sleep is vulnerable to stress. This can result in an increase in noradrenaline levels during the night, leading to sudden awakenings with feelings of anxiety and difficulty returning to sleep. Various mental disorders associated with anxiety or stress can contribute to sleep difficulties.These include: The Vicious Cycle of Anxiety During Sleep An intricate relationship exists between anxiety and sleep, often leading to a vicious cycle. Waking up with stress, worry, and anxiety can make it challenging to fall back asleep, creating more anxiety as you wonder if you’ll ever get the rest you need. During sleep, different stages, including REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, play a role in processing emotions and adapting to stressful events. REM sleep influences how we remember details and can help reduce emotional responses when recalling stressful experiences over time. It also affects autonomic functions such as breathing and heart rate. For instance, in the early days after the loss of a beloved pet, intense stress and grief may be experienced, resulting in tears and shortness of breath. However, as time passes and sleep aids in the processing of grief, emotions tend to become less intense. Eventually, the emotional response when thinking back on the loss diminishes. Conditions like anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or sleep disorders can disrupt sleep patterns, including the amount of REM sleep obtained. This reduction in REM sleep can impede emotional recovery from challenging events, further perpetuating the cycle of lost sleep and heightened anxiety and stress. To break this cycle, it is important to prioritize healthy sleep habits. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends adults aim for at least seven hours of sleep per night. Signs that you may not be getting enough sleep include difficulty staying awake during the day, impaired concentration and focus, emotional instability, slower reaction times, and difficulties with decision-making and problem-solving. How to Avoid Anxiety at Night Managing anxiety effectively can significantly improve your sleep. Here are some strategies to help you reduce anxiety and stress: How to Go Back to Sleep Once You Wake Up If you suspect that anxiety is waking and keeping you up at night, it’s important to be aware of the typical signs and symptoms associated with panic attacks. These can include racing and intrusive thoughts, feelings of fear and loss of control, an elevated heartbeat, sweating, chills or hot flashes, shortness of breath or chest pain, nausea or abdominal pain, dizziness or faintness, and numb or tingling sensations in the body. Experiencing these symptoms during the night can jolt you awake and make it difficult to fall back asleep. Even if you’re not having a full-blown panic attack, anxiety symptoms such as persistent worry, muscle tension, restlessness, and fatigue can still keep you up at night. The racing thoughts and fixations on worries can prevent you from finding calm and relaxation necessary for sleep. To further help you reset and go back to sleep after waking up with anxiety, consider the following techniques: When to See a Healthcare Provider Seeking help from a healthcare provider is essential when experiencing anxiety and sleep difficulties. Here are some reasons to consider reaching out to a healthcare professional: Remember, seeking help is a sign of strength and a proactive step towards better mental health. A healthcare provider can assess your situation, provide an accurate diagnosis, and develop a comprehensive treatment plan to help you manage your anxiety and improve your sleep. Recap Anxiety upon waking up can indeed disrupt sleep and exacerbate worries and fears. Managing anxiety and finding ways to fall back asleep are crucial for maintaining overall health and well-being. It’s important to monitor your sleep patterns and ensure you’re getting sufficient rest. If you suspect you have a mental health disorder or if your anxiety is persistent and significantly impacting your daily life, seeking help from a healthcare professional is important. They can provide a proper diagnosis, offer appropriate treatment options, and support you in managing your anxiety and improving your sleep. Remember that taking care of your mental health is just as important as taking care of your physical health. Seeking professional help is a positive step towards understanding and addressing your anxiety and sleep concerns.