Category: Mental Health

Jul 05

How to Make Sure Social Distancing and Self-Isolation Don’t Hurt Your Mental Health

How to Make Sure Social Distancing and Self-Isolation Don’t Hurt Your Mental Health What may have seemed impossible a week ago, when we were discussing the best way to clean our hands, is now occurring in the United States. A lockdown is occurring throughout the cities. Many bars and restaurants no longer offer table service. No longer showing in area theaters. There has been a significant drop in airline traffic. The seasons of many sports leagues have been canceled. People are calling off their weddings. To prevent the spread of coronavirus and allow hospitals time to treat the ill, we are isolating as part of a worldwide "social distancing" initiative. Top health officials have recommended that we all stay inside for at least 15 days, if feasible, work from home if we can, and stay in bed if we are ill or in a high-risk category. Naturally, we must watch out for one another, remain at least six feet apart, and steer clear of any unplanned get-togethers. But there is cause for fear about our sanity. "Because social contact is such a fundamental human need, we suffer both mentally and physically without it," says Jud Brewer, MD, PhD, a neuroscientist, addiction psychiatrist, and associate professor of behavioral and social sciences at Brown University School of Public Health, to Health. While we’re practicing social separation, it’s crucial to remember that isolation is not the same thing as loneliness. The difference between isolation and loneliness, as defined by Brewer, is psychological rather than geographical. The two are connected closely yet do not constitute the same entity. High blood pressure, disturbed sleep, immunological stress responses, and mental decline are all closely linked to isolation. Those who are alone are more likely to suffer from mental health issues including despair and anxiety. Those who suffer from anxiety may have a heightened sense of vulnerability as the world looks to enter uncertain times. "Many people are not used to being alone," Tara Well, PhD, associate professor in the Department of Psychology at Columbia University’s Barnard College, tells Health. When we’re anxious, it’s human nature to seek comfort in the company of others. According to her, even introverts experience this. Professor of psychology at the University of Texas at Austin and author of "Depression and Distancing," Art Markman, PhD, tells Health that people with depression may be more vulnerable during periods of physical separation. "One of the greatest dangers, especially at a time like this, is the temptation to dwell in pessimism." If you can’t talk about your worries and get feedback from others, according to Markman, you’ll never break the pattern. In addition, "for people who are prone to depression who want to isolate, it boosts your mood to be around other people," he says. "You may find yourself not only descending into a pit of despair, but also experiencing a profound sense of confinement." The modern ideal of social isolation is to feel alone but not alone. Some suggestions are provided below. Contact others face-to-face Nowadays, people are just as likely to communicate with one other online as they are in person. Brewer argues that not all alternatives are the same, especially when there is no human interaction involved. "Standard social media interactions of rapidly scrolling through the activities of others, superficially commenting on posts, and generally engaging in activities that promote comparison of your situation to others, is not helpful and likely even harmful," he writes. Instead, "make use of social media and other communication tools to have deep exchanges with a select few." While you’re away from the workplace (Glossier recently did a major one! ), Brewer proposes keeping in touch with your loved ones by setting up a video chat or holding frequent video meetings with your colleagues. Quality, not quantity, is what really counts, as Brewer puts it. It wouldn’t surprise me if, once this crisis is through, some of us find that we’ve become closer to one another because we’ve learned to communicate in new ways. Do meaningful things It’s probably not healthy for your mental health to constantly check for new COVID-19 updates. Instead, focus on productive activities. Brewer writes, "These can include everything from housework to reading to beginning that project you’ve been unable to begin." Engaging with the environment reduces the likelihood that we would obsess about things beyond our control because it forces us to employ the more recent, rational regions of our brain. Hang with pets Having a pet can be incredibly comforting and beneficial for our well-being. Studies show that physical contact with pets can increase the production of hormones like dopamine and serotonin, which can improve our mood and reduce feelings of anxiety. When we’re feeling lonely, spending time caressing our pets can provide a great source of solace. Engaging in activities with our pets, such as playing fetch, can be a wonderful way to bond and enjoy their company. Additionally, taking them for a leisurely stroll can benefit both their physical and mental health, as well as provide us with a chance to connect with nature. It’s heartwarming to hear that you have such a strong affection for your pet. Cherish these moments and continue to show them love and care. They can be a tremendous source of joy and support in our lives. Keep your sense of humor Don’t stop messaging your pals hilarious memes. Keep on viewing those ridiculously foolish movies. You can giggle at the absurdity of your current circumstance. Markman advises his readers to stay smiling and never make jokes at other people’s expense. Markman comments, "It is very easy to be very serious about everything right now." The situation is dire, of course. Many individuals are ill, and some of them are on their last legs. But if you go back through time, you’ll see that the people who kept their sense of humor through the harshest crises were the ones who emerged from the ordeal in the finest mental health. According to Markman, "gallows

Jul 05

Post-Pandemic Anxiety Is a Real Issue—Here’s How to Get More Comfortable During Re-Openings

During the course of the pandemic, the majority of us wanted nothing more than for our regular routines to be reinstated: to be able to attend our favorite yoga class in person, to meet up with a friend at a restaurant for dinner, or to go into the office and chat with coworkers next to the coffee maker (okay, maybe not so much for the last one). Nevertheless, it is reasonable to assume that a good number of us have yearned for increased interaction with other people throughout the course of the last year. Many individuals are excited about the prospect of going back to the get-togethers they used to attend before COVID was implemented since it is now possible, or at the very least is getting more likely on a daily basis. And despite the thrill that comes along with it, there is also a strong likelihood that you will be a little spooked out by all of that more exposure. The reality is that these emotions are very natural, and you should be prepared for the fact that it may take some time to readjust to your new circumstances. “I’m calling it the stranger-danger redux,” Cynthia Ackrill, MD, a stress specialist and editor of the American Institute of Stress’s Contentment Magazine, told Health. She compares the anxiety of interacting face-to-face with another person after COVID treatment to the anxiety she felt as a young child traversing public spaces. Dr. Ackrill adds that when you were a toddler and you’d rush up to a stranger at the mall, your parents would exclaim, “Woah, that’s a stranger.” Now, people are more likely to say things along the lines of, “Woah, that’s another person—without a mask on.” We have been instructed throughout the course of the past year that everyone who is not a part of our bubble, whether they are a stranger or not, poses a threat to us. Even the ones we care about the most may hurt us. According to Dr. Ackrill, “We’ve gone back to this ‘Whom are we supposed to trust?’ [game], and our brain has been doing this for over a year.” It may seem counterintuitive to the entire “getting back to the normal thing,” but there is a reason, or several reasons, why so many people are feeling a little of hesitancy about doing something. What you need to know about any post-pandemic anxiety you might be feeling, as well as how you might deal with it, is outlined in this article. It Took Your Brain a While to Process Wearing a Mask—and It’ll Take It a While to Process Not Wearing One You will likely find yourself in close proximity to individuals outside of your pod as limitations continue to be relaxed as a result of the usage of vaccinations that are safe and effective against COVID-19. This may be out of need (if your company mandates it), or it may be out of choice (if you choose to attend a friend’s birthday event). According to Chivonna Childs, Ph.D., a clinical psychologist at the Cleveland Clinic’s Center for Adult Behavioral Health, who spoke with Health about this topic, it may take some time to retrain your brain not to worry about associating with other unmasked folks when faced with scenarios like these. “We’ve become hyperaware of the people around us,” says Childs. “We feel as if we’ve turned into the mask police: we don’t know their health, and we don’t know if they are carriers. We’ve become used to that by this point.” Dr. Ackrill notes that it took a lot of work for your brain to adjust to the reality of the coronavirus pandemic. He points out that you taught yourself to monitor people around you, and that you are now attempting to convince your body that it doesn’t need to worry about that anymore. This adjustment required a lot of effort. “That’s a lot of training for the brain—we’ve really made it a habit of considering other human beings a danger,” adds Dr. Ackrill. We Still Don’t Know What’s Considered “Safe” in the Post-covid World Yet Even though the United States is still in the process of closing its borders, it may appear as though we have been dealing with COVID-19 for an eternity. However, the virus is still relatively young; it has been around for less than two years. Health professionals are still attempting to completely understand the virus, even while the US continues the reopening process. Even though the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has stated that people who have been fully immunized do not need to wear masks when going outside or inside, there are still a lot of unanswered questions regarding how or if unvaccinated people will be differentiated, as well as how risky it is to simply take people at their word when they say they’ve been immunized. While professionals are doing all in their power to figure out how we can go forward in a secure manner, the unpredictability of the current situation may be contributing to your concern about rejoining society. According to Dr. Ackrill, “it’s not even black-and-white yet what’s safe—there’s a lot of confusion,” According to Shannon O’Neill, PsyD, an assistant professor of psychiatry, who was interviewed for this article by Health, this can have a significant influence on your mental health: “Anticipatory anxiety can be fueled by elements of uncertainty, such as not knowing what to expect.” You May Want To Dismiss the Trauma and Grief You’ve Experienced Over the Last Year—Don’t Do That Think back to where we were at this time a year ago: there were no vaccinations that had been licensed, and the number of deaths caused by COVID-19 in the United States was growing at an alarming rate. It was exceedingly dangerous to go into public places where masks were not required, and professionals in the field of medicine advised everyone to avoid having any kind of interaction with anyone who did not live

Jul 03

9 Facts About Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental illness that influences a person’s ability to understand and connect with others. The disease is best understood as a “spectrum,” spanning a wide range of symptom intensity and encompassing a wide range of previously distinct medical disorders. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), around 1% of the world’s population, or 75 million individuals, have ASD. Despite how common ASD is, many common myths persist regarding it. Here are nine things regarding autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that you might not know. This includes symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for children. 1. Children Can Be Very Young When Diagnosed Children can receive a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as early as 18 months, although most diagnoses occur at 24 months or older when the diagnosis is considered more reliable, as stated by MedlinePlus. Prior to that age, children with autism may exhibit social communication deficits that are appropriate for their developmental stage. ASD is diagnosed based on behavioral observations and assessments since there are no medical or blood tests specifically for ASD. Healthcare providers typically conduct developmental screenings and comprehensive evaluations to assess a child’s behavior. This evaluation may include assessments of hearing, vision, and neurological function. In some cases, a follow-up visit to a specialist, such as a developmental pediatrician, may be recommended for further evaluation and support. 2. There’s a Wide Range of Symptoms The symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can vary greatly from person to person, with some individuals experiencing mild symptoms while others have more pronounced ones. In general, ASD symptoms often involve difficulties in communication and social interaction. People with ASD may struggle to understand and respond to others’ emotions and intentions, exhibit challenges in making eye contact, and have difficulty with social interactions and relationships. Repetitive behaviors and restricted interests are common among individuals with ASD. These may manifest as repetitive movements or actions, a strong focus on specific topics or objects, or the need for routine and sameness in daily activities. While some individuals with ASD may have difficulty with verbal communication, it is important to note that not all individuals with ASD are nonverbal. Approximately 40% of people with autism are nonverbal, according to Autism Speaks, but this varies among individuals. Other potential signs of ASD in children can include heightened sensitivity to sensory stimuli, intense tantrums or meltdowns, lack of response to their name being called, limited or absent pointing or gestures by 18 months of age, and a lack of engagement in pretend play activities. It is crucial to remember that these symptoms can vary and that an accurate diagnosis should be made by qualified healthcare professionals through comprehensive assessments and evaluations. 3. Prevalence Seems to Be Growing The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has shown a significant increase over the years. According to a 2021 report from the MMWR Surveillance Summaries, the prevalence has risen from 1 in 150 children being diagnosed to 1 in 44 since 2000. However, there is ongoing debate among experts regarding the reasons behind this increase. One factor that contributes to the rise in ASD prevalence is increased awareness and improved screening methods. As awareness about ASD has grown, more children are being identified and diagnosed with the disorder. Healthcare providers and educators are better equipped to recognize the signs and symptoms of ASD, leading to more accurate and timely diagnoses. Changes in diagnostic criteria also play a role in the increased prevalence. The criteria for diagnosing ASD have evolved over time, resulting in broader definitions and more inclusive criteria. This expansion has allowed for the identification of individuals who may have previously gone undiagnosed. However, it is important to note that the exact causes of the increased prevalence are still not fully understood. Some experts suggest that there may be underlying environmental or genetic factors contributing to the rise in ASD cases. Further research is needed to explore these factors and gain a better understanding of the true drivers behind the increased prevalence. Ultimately, the increase in ASD prevalence can be attributed to a combination of improved awareness, changes in diagnostic criteria, and potentially other factors. Ongoing research and collaboration among professionals in the field will help shed light on the causes and provide better insights into ASD. 4. Boys Are More Likely to Be Diagnosed Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are more commonly diagnosed in boys than in girls, with a prevalence rate of about four times higher in boys compared to girls. According to Autism Speaks, approximately 1 in 27 boys and 1 in 116 girls are reported to have ASD. Boys tend to be diagnosed with ASD earlier and more frequently than girls. However, there is growing evidence that girls with ASD may be underdiagnosed. Research suggests that girls often exhibit different patterns of ASD symptoms and may present with camouflaged symptoms that are missed during evaluations, contributing to the underdiagnosis. A study published in the Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders in May 2018 explored sex-based differences in ASD presentation among girls. The researchers highlighted the diagnosis gap between girls and boys and emphasized the need to recognize and understand the unique characteristics and challenges faced by girls with ASD. Underdiagnosis of ASD in girls may be attributed to fewer screenings and a lack of awareness about the diverse ways ASD can manifest in females. Societal expectations and stereotypes may also play a role. Girls with ASD may be perceived as shy or introverted, and their preference for solitary play or differences in social interactions may be overlooked or attributed to normal variations in behavior. In contrast, boys are often expected to exhibit more extroverted and social behaviors, making deviations from these expectations more noticeable. It is crucial to increase awareness and understanding of the unique presentation of ASD in girls. By addressing the gender disparities in ASD diagnosis, healthcare professionals can improve identification and provide appropriate support for girls with ASD. 5. Autism May Begin Before

Jul 03

6 Cognitive Distortions That Could Be Fueling Your Anxious Thoughts

Developing an awareness of different modes of thinking can greatly enhance one’s understanding and problem-solving abilities. It is possible to identify these patterns not only in oneself but also in others. When recognizing such patterns, it is important to acknowledge the occurrence of “mind traps” or “cognitive distortions” and take a step back. One particular cognitive distortion that we personally struggle with is catastrophizing, which we will address first. 1. Catastrophizing Amplifying anxiety, catastrophizing is a distorted thinking pattern that tends to magnify negative outcomes. It involves jumping to the worst possible conclusions or perceiving situations as far more dire than they truly are. Many of us can relate to this tendency to imagine worst-case scenarios, as it can become a default response. When faced with challenges or situations, our minds engage in a continuous “what-if” game, contemplating the potential occurrence of these worst-case scenarios. Catastrophizing can manifest in two primary ways: firstly, by casting a negative light on present circumstances, and secondly, by envisioning a future riddled with multiple anticipated misfortunes. Breaking free from this cycle may pose a challenge, but there are simple steps to acknowledge and control it, especially when dealing with anxiety: 1. Recognize the occurrence of catastrophizing: Be aware of when this thinking pattern takes hold. 2. Document your negative thoughts: Maintain a personal record of what transpired and objectively note your thoughts about the situation. Additionally, document your subsequent reactions or behaviors. 3. Adjust your self-talk: Foster a forgiving and hopeful internal dialogue. Instead of attempting to entirely eliminate catastrophizing, recognize that the worst-case scenario isn’t always as terrible as it may initially seem. By consciously applying these steps, you can work towards minimizing the impact of catastrophizing on your well-being and mindset. 2. Polarized Thinking Polarized thinking occurs when individuals perceive outcomes or viewpoints as strictly right or wrong, leaving no room for middle ground. This kind of thinking, characterized by the belief in absolute good or bad, sets unattainable standards and contributes to heightened stress levels. Polarized thinking becomes apparent when one’s hopes and expectations are solely centered around a single event or outcome, such as gaining admission to a desired college course, seeking approval from others, pursuing a specific income level, or striving for a particular level of satisfaction. To counter polarized thinking, it is essential to recognize that most things in life fall within a spectrum between triumph and tragedy. Understanding that there are various levels and shades of success and failure can help alleviate the pressure of extreme thinking. It’s important to internalize the understanding that no single accomplishment or failure will singularly determine one’s future happiness. Life is a dynamic journey, and growth and fulfillment come from a multitude of experiences, not just one specific outcome. Moreover, it is unrealistic to expect that personal values will remain static or that others will share the same values. Recognizing and accepting the diversity of perspectives and priorities among individuals can contribute to more balanced thinking. When confronted with the fear of failure, it can be helpful to assess the actual consequences of such an outcome and develop a plan for coping with them. By preparing for potential setbacks and having strategies in place, individuals can mitigate the overwhelming sense of catastrophe and better manage the situation. By adopting these approaches, individuals can challenge polarized thinking and cultivate a more flexible and resilient mindset, leading to reduced stress levels and a healthier perspective on success and failure. 3. Filtering Filtering is a cognitive distortion where individuals selectively focus on the negative aspects of a situation while disregarding or minimizing any positive elements. This skewed perception can lead to a distorted and pessimistic view of reality. To counter filtering, it is important to develop the ability to evaluate situations objectively and clearly, even if negative aspects stand out more prominently. This involves consciously challenging oneself to see the bigger picture and consider all aspects of a situation, including the positive ones that might have been filtered out. Seeking out positives within a given situation can help balance the perspective and counteract the tendency to solely focus on the negative. Actively searching for and acknowledging the favorable aspects can provide a more accurate and balanced view of reality. Another important step is to resist the inclination to downplay or minimize one’s efforts or achievements. Often, individuals engaging in filtering tend to dismiss their successes or discount their accomplishments. It is crucial to recognize and give credit to one’s own efforts and achievements, no matter how small they may seem. Additionally, acknowledging personal growth by comparing past performance can be helpful. Reflecting on how far one has come and how they have improved over time can provide a more realistic and positive outlook. By recognizing progress and learning from past experiences, individuals can cultivate a sense of self-awareness and motivation to continue growing and evolving. By consciously applying these strategies, individuals can counteract the effects of filtering and develop a more balanced and constructive perspective on situations, allowing for a healthier and more positive mindset. 4. Personalization Personalization is a cognitive distortion in which individuals believe that others’ actions, moods, or behaviors are a direct response to them personally. This leads to a constant evaluation of one’s worth and a tendency to compare oneself to others. To address personalization, it is crucial to recognize that not everything people do or say is about oneself. Understand that individuals may be experiencing a bad mood or going through their own personal challenges, which may have nothing to do with you. It’s important to acknowledge that their emotions are not necessarily a reflection of your actions or worth. Recognize that people have their own thoughts and concerns that may be unrelated to you. Avoid assuming that every action or expression is directed at you specifically. Others may have various factors influencing their behavior that have nothing to do with your actions or presence. If you genuinely believe that you might have done something to upset someone,

Jul 02

Using Cooking To Help Ease Your Anxiety

In recent years, there has been considerable discussion about the potential connection between cooking and alleviating anxiety. Culinary courses targeting depression and anxiety have emerged, and prominent publications have highlighted the therapeutic benefits of cooking for mental health. However, the science behind the relationship is complex, according to Todd Farchione, a clinical psychologist at the Center for Anxiety and Related Disorders of Boston University. While there are reasons for optimism, it is essential to approach the topic with a balanced perspective. To gain insights into the matter, Health magazine interviewed Farchione and Kat Kinsman, author of “Hi, Anxiety: Life With a Bad Case of Nerves” and a senior food and drinks editor at ExtraCrispy.com. The focus of the discussion was generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), a condition that reportedly affects 18% of adult Americans. By exploring the perspectives of these experts, the article aims to shed light on the potential benefits of cooking for anxiety relief while acknowledging the nuanced nature of the relationship. Cooking Requires Mindfulness Farchione highlights a couple of notable aspects regarding cooking and anxiety. Firstly, he mentions that for some individuals, cooking can be a relaxing activity with a mindful quality. Engaging in the process of cooking and being in the zone can have benefits for individuals with anxiety as it allows them to focus on the present moment. Anxiety often involves a future-oriented state accompanied by worries, so being able to divert attention from those concerns and focus on kitchen tasks can be helpful. However, Farchione notes that the extent to which cooking is relaxing varies depending on personality traits, as perfectionistic tendencies, for example, may hinder the relaxation aspect. Kinsman, who personally experiences generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and depression, finds that engaging in kitchen activities helps break the cycle of anxiety in her brain. Whether it’s grilling, baking, or using her Instant Pot, she finds these tactile activities to be tremendously soothing. Even though her current dietary restrictions prevent her from baking, she appreciates that cooking requires her to stay away from gadgets and distractions. The physical engagement with the cooking process helps her stay present in the moment, which she considers a positive and beneficial aspect. By disconnecting from email and social media, she breaks the cycle of anxiety perpetuated by the constant need for new information and potential triggers. The State of Flow Can Help Improve General Well-being Another potential way in which cooking can help alleviate anxiety is through the concept of “flow” in positive psychology. Flow refers to a state of effortless absorption in an activity, where the challenge level matches one’s skill level, resulting in a sense of engagement and well-being. Farchione explains that achieving a flow state is possible with cooking if the challenge level is balanced and one’s skill level is adequate. For some individuals, cooking presents an opportunity to experience this flow state, leading to an improvement in well-being. While it may not be immediately apparent how cooking can induce this state of flow, Kinsman acknowledges that she had to consciously decide to view cooking as her relaxing activity. It required a deliberate shift in mindset and recognizing that cooking could provide uninterrupted time for herself. She finds comfort in the concrete and measurable outcomes of cooking, as her particular brain prefers activities that have tangible results. With her expertise in the kitchen, she feels confident and less worried while cooking. Farchione notes that although the specific brain mechanisms involved in this phenomenon are not yet fully understood, engaging in activities like cooking can help break the pattern of worry. Cooking’s focus on measurement and following recipes can be engaging enough to create an alternative pathway, diverting attention away from anxiety. Similarly, other tasks or exercises that require focus and engagement, such as coloring books, can provide a similar effect of temporarily shifting one’s mindset away from anxiety. Cooking Is Social and Involves Positive Feedback Cooking not only offers the potential for personal satisfaction but also connects with social activities and the opportunity to share the creation with others, receiving feedback in return, according to Farchione. This aspect of cooking can contribute to positive experiences and promote overall well-being. Kinsman emphasizes the reward that comes with cooking—feeding oneself. The clear outcome of preparing a meal provides a sense of fulfillment and purpose. Kinsman often cooks alongside her husband, who prepares cocktails, and they view it as a dedicated time to be together and unwind. This shared experience allows them to decompress and enjoy each other’s company, providing a soothing and enjoyable environment, unless hunger starts to intensify. By highlighting the social aspect and the intrinsic reward of nourishing oneself, both experts underscore the positive and gratifying nature of cooking. It serves as an opportunity for connection, relaxation, and a means to fulfill basic needs while engaging in a shared activity. Let’s Maybe Not Call It “Therapy” Farchione cautions against labeling cooking as a form of therapy specifically, emphasizing that it is premature to designate any particular activity as therapy. He suggests that engaging in activities that promote mindfulness and present-moment experiences can offer benefits for individuals seeking relief from stressors and worries in their lives. While he doesn’t explicitly endorse the term “cooking therapy,” he acknowledges the potential benefits of activities that allow individuals to disengage from a worry process and find a sense of calm and focus. Instead of focusing on specific labels, he highlights the importance of finding activities that facilitate a mindful and present experience to support well-being. How to Get Started It’s important to acknowledge that everyone has their own ways of unwinding, and there is no judgment in choosing convenience options like ordering delivery or preparing frozen meals. However, in today’s food-centric era, there are various cooking methods available that can provide a sense of fulfillment and relaxation. Kinsman suggests alternative cooking appliances for those who may not have access to a stovetop. Pressure cookers or slow cookers can be just as beneficial in creating satisfying meals. Kinsman finds her

Jul 01

11 Signs of Borderline Personality Disorder

There are a total of 10 distinct personality disorders, including OCPD, paranoid personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, and narcissistic personality disorder. Personality disorders are characterized by pervasive and destructive patterns of behavior throughout time.And among these, borderline personality disorder (BPD) is often the most misunderstood. The term “borderline” suggests that Borderline Personality disease is not a serious issue, which only adds to the uncertainty around the disease. At first, specialists thought BPD was a spectrum condition that ranged from neurosis to psychosis. John Oldham, MD, a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, noted that at the time it was not considered to be a separate condition. Until the publication of the DSM-III in 1980, borderline personality disorder (BPD) was not recognized as a distinct mental illness. However, the term “borderline” has remained. Since then, our knowledge and understanding of this complicated disease has expanded. Evidence suggests it may be “partly inherited genetically and partly a function of stressful experiences during growth and development that leads to some pretty significant interference in successful functioning,” as Dr. Oldham put it, but scientists aren’t certain of the root reason. Licensed clinical social worker and founding fellow of the Academy of Cognitive Therapy Wendy Behary in New Jersey verified many of her patients with BPD had experienced loss, trauma, or abandonment in childhood. However, as Dr. Oldham pointed out, just because you come from a dysfunctional family or had a rough background doesn’t imply you’re doomed to BPD. Simply put, you have that potential danger in your life. Telltale Signs of Borderline Personality Disorder About 1.6% of American people suffer from BPD. Behary argued that, while the number may appear low, it does not adequately reflect the whole BPD population. Because many of the symptoms of BPD coincide with those of other mental diseases including depression, bipolar disorder, and narcissistic personality disorder, a correct diagnosis of BPD is not always easy to come by. And there is a spectrum along which the boundary occurs. “At one end there is a very low-functioning individual, who can barely manage day-to-day life, and at the other there is someone who is very high functioning,” Behary added. It’s possible for people to live their entire lives with the stigma associated with mental health issues and never seek help. If you or someone you know exhibits these symptoms, it’s time to consult the DSM-5-TR, the current diagnostic model for borderline personality disorder. 1. Self-Esteem Shifts Those who suffer from borderline personality disorder frequently struggle with crippling self-doubt, which manifests itself as an inability to trust one’s own judgment. Dr. Oldham explained that people like this have so low self-esteem that they need a lot of attention from others to feel like they belong. A feeling of inadequacy and incompleteness lies behind that, Dr. Oldham said. People with BPD may even mimic the activities of those around them since “their ability to be independent and autonomous is very impaired.” 2. Trouble Empathizing “There’s a real impairment in being able to see yourself from the outside and see others from the inside,” Dr. Oldham said of the effects of this on interpersonal skills. To rephrase, those with BPD struggle more with both self-awareness and empathy. Dr. Oldham elaborated, “There is a lack of understanding about how your own behavior impacts people, so when your emotions are out of control, it doesn’t register that this causes stress to others.” This blind spot is one reason why people with borderline have so many problems keeping relationships together. 3. Chaotic Relationships According to Behary, people with borderline personality disorder are disproportionately represented in abusive relationships. People with unmet needs from their upbringing typically remain in unhealthy relationships because they seek a partner who they believe can fulfill those needs. Dr. Oldham noted that those who suffer from BPD are more likely to be overly needy, passionate, and distrustful in romantic relationships. It’s a self-fulfilling prophesy when “you drive the other person away because of your heightened anxiety that you’ll lose the person who is close to you.” Conflict is not limited to romantic partnerships. Friends and family members of people with BPD may go from being extremely close to being extremely distant. People with BPD who are otherwise highly functioning typically become aware of their condition during interpersonal interactions. 4. Avoiding Thinking About the Future You don’t have to have every detail of your life planned out, but chances are good that you do have certain goals and objectives in mind. Individuals with BPD generally have no sense of personal motivation. Dr. Oldham observed that few people “have a clear idea of what they want from life or what they want to work toward.” 5. Overwhelming Anxiety The anxiety experienced by persons with BPD is unlike the occasional anxiousness or tension felt by the rest of us. Dr. Oldham said that a common trigger for these feelings is an overreaction to the conduct of others. Having borderline personality disorder is characterized by an incapacitating urge to always feel valued and accepted. People with borderline may have explosive, inappropriate outbursts of emotion as a result of their chronically elevated levels of anxiety. 6. Constant Fear of Abandonment BPD symptoms include an intense aversion to loneliness, rejection, and abandonment. According to David Mattila, a certified clinical social worker and cognitive and schema therapist in New York City, fears generate unreasonable emotions and jealous, paranoid behaviors, such as monitoring a partner’s email for signals they could bail. According to Mattila, “This insecurity can even lead to more extreme and manipulative behaviors,” such as telling a spouse, “If you don’t call me when you say you will, I’m going to kill myself.” Everything boils down for someone with borderline personality disorder to a single goal: never being abandoned. 7. Frequent Mood Swings Because mood swings are a common characteristic of BPD, the condition is sometimes misdiagnosed as bipolar. Dr. Oldham said that this is not the same “persistent mood state”

Jul 01

How To Talk About Your Anxiety and Listen When Others Talk

Anxiety has long been a prevalent issue in the United States, with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) affecting approximately seven million adults, making it the most common mental health disorder in the country, as reported by the Anxiety and Depression Association of America. However, the year 2020 brought about additional stressors and challenges, significantly impacting the anxiety levels of many individuals. The COVID-19 pandemic, which has had a devastating impact worldwide, swept through the US on a massive scale. Simultaneously, people were protesting systemic racism, facing environmental threats such as wildfires, and witnessing political upheaval. These events contributed to a significant increase in anxiety among Americans, with a 2020 poll conducted by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) revealing that 62% of respondents felt more anxious compared to the previous year, almost double the typical percentage seen over the past three years. Alyza Berman, a licensed clinical social worker and founder of The Berman Center in Atlanta, explains that the unprecedented nature of 2020 caught many off guard, leaving people without the necessary coping skills. While the stigma surrounding mental health has not been completely erased, Berman notes that the shared experience of anxiety during this period has fostered more empathy and understanding. People are more likely to respond with support rather than skepticism when someone expresses their anxiety. However, discussing anxiety can still be challenging, given that everyone has different triggers and comfort levels regarding various activities, such as indoor dining, travel, school attendance, or wearing masks. To navigate these conversations, the following tips can be helpful: Express Your Anxiety Productively In an era where even everyday decisions carry a level of risk, it is crucial to have open conversations about anxieties with our loved ones. Not only does it provide relief for ourselves, but it also helps prevent tensions from arising and enables others to understand our emotional state. When expressing anxiety to someone, it’s important to go beyond a simple statement like “I’m nervous about seeing you” or “I’m afraid to travel,” as explained by Berman. To effectively communicate our concerns, it is helpful to explain the underlying reasons behind our anxieties. By sharing the “why” behind our emotions, we provide insights into our thought processes and help others understand our perspective. For example, we might say, “I’m nervous about seeing you because you recently traveled to a COVID-19 hotspot, and I’m concerned about potential exposure” or “I’m afraid to travel because health officials have stated that airports increase the risk of exposure to the virus.” By providing specific reasons for our anxieties, we offer context and rationale, making it easier for others to comprehend our concerns. This approach helps foster understanding, empathy, and a shared commitment to maintaining everyone’s well-being. Engaging in open and honest communication about our anxieties allows for more meaningful and productive conversations. It enables us to navigate the complexities of risk and make informed decisions collectively, ensuring the safety and emotional well-being of ourselves and those we care about. Framing Your Statements How we explain ourselves plays a vital role in effective communication. Stephanie Newman, PhD, a psychologist based in New York City, emphasizes the importance of using “I” statements when expressing our feelings. This approach frames our emotions in a way that others are more receptive to hearing. “I” statements, such as “I feel this” or “I think this,” focus on our personal experiences and perspectives rather than placing blame or criticizing others. By using “I” statements, we take ownership of our feelings and avoid triggering defensiveness or conflict in the other person. For example, saying, “I don’t want to come to Thanksgiving dinner because Dr. Fauci warned against small gatherings,” allows us to express our concerns without directly criticizing or accusing the host. This approach promotes a more open and constructive dialogue. On the other hand, using “you” statements that attribute blame or make assumptions about the other person’s intentions can escalate tensions and hinder effective communication. For instance, saying, “You’re not taking COVID-19 safety precautions seriously because you’re inviting more than 10 people over,” may come across as accusatory and defensive, potentially leading to a defensive response. By framing our explanations and concerns using “I” statements, we create a safer space for open discussion and understanding. It allows others to listen without feeling attacked or judged, fostering empathy and constructive dialogue. This approach increases the likelihood of reaching mutual understanding and finding common ground. Remember, effective communication involves expressing our thoughts and emotions in a way that promotes understanding and collaboration. Utilizing “I” statements helps achieve this goal, facilitating healthier and more productive conversations, even in sensitive or challenging situations. Respond to Judgement When faced with a judgmental or dismissive response to your anxiety, maintaining a productive conversation can be achieved by attempting to understand the other person’s perspective. Alyza Berman advises that in such situations, it is helpful to respond in a curious and non-confrontational manner. For example, if you express your discomfort about meeting up in a large group, even outdoors, and someone tells you that you’re overreacting, you can respond by saying, “I’m curious. Can you please explain why you feel that way? I don’t understand.” By approaching the conversation with genuine curiosity and a desire to comprehend their viewpoint, you can prevent it from turning into an attack or a defensive response. This approach encourages open dialogue and allows the other person to explain their thoughts without feeling attacked. It creates an opportunity for them to articulate their perspective and potentially gain insight into your concerns as well. By actively listening and seeking to understand, you create space for a more constructive and empathetic conversation. Even if you may not fully agree with their viewpoint, this approach promotes mutual respect and can lead to a deeper understanding of each other’s perspectives. Remember, the goal is not to convince or change the other person’s opinion immediately, but to foster a respectful and open exchange of ideas. By approaching the conversation with curiosity and empathy, you increase the

Jul 01

Depression Rates Are Higher Than Ever—Experts Say These 5 Things Need to Change

FAST FACTS According to the latest findings from Gallup, depression rates have reached an all-time high in the United States, revealing a concerning trend. The recent Gallup poll shows that 29% of Americans have received a depression diagnosis at least once in their lifetime. This represents a significant increase of almost 10 percentage points since 2015, making it the highest recorded rate in Gallup’s data history. Of particular concern is the impact of depression on specific demographic groups. The data suggests that younger individuals aged 18 to 29 (34.3%) and those between 30 to 44 (34.9%) experience higher depression rates than those older than 44. Additionally, women are disproportionately affected, with more than one-third (36.7%) reporting having experienced depression at some point in their lifetime. Experts believe that the rise in depression rates can be attributed, at least in part, to societal factors such as isolation and loneliness. Elisabeth Gulotta, a licensed mental health counselor and founder of NYC Therapeutic Wellness, highlights that modern society’s increasing isolation and disconnection play a significant role in contributing to these alarming statistics. She emphasizes that human connection and meaningful relationships are crucial for mental well-being, and the lack thereof may be exacerbating the problem. To address the growing mental health challenges, it is essential to promote a more connected and supportive society. This could involve encouraging meaningful social interactions, fostering a sense of community, and increasing awareness about mental health issues. By working together, we can create a healthier and more empathetic environment for everyone, which may ultimately help reduce depression rates and improve overall well-being. Why Are People More Depressed Now? While the pandemic undoubtedly contributed to the increase in depression rates, mental health experts have identified several other significant factors at play, including rising loneliness and the impact of social media. According to Mark Debus, a licensed clinical social worker and behavioral health clinical manager at Sedgwick, genetics, biochemistry, environmental stressors, and individual personality differences also play roles in the development of depression. Certain vocations can also be associated with higher depression rates. Professions that entail regular exposure to daily trauma or repetitive traumas, such as first responders, law enforcement, medical staff, teachers, and social workers, may experience more significant effects on their mental health. The early signs of depression often emerge in a person’s mid-twenties, as highlighted by Laura Erickson-Schroth, a psychiatrist and chief medical officer for The Jed Foundation. Unfortunately, mental health conditions frequently go undiagnosed for years due to stigma, lack of access to care, and other barriers. Dr. Erickson-Schroth also emphasized that attributing the higher depression rates solely to a growing openness to discuss mental health would be a mistake. There are other critical factors to consider, such as social isolation, unmet essential needs, and limited access to mental healthcare, which contribute significantly to people’s struggles. Elisabeth Gulotta, a mental health expert, described the current situation as “relational poverty.” The combination of the COVID pandemic and the influence of technology has eroded meaningful connections, leading to increased feelings of isolation and separation. Despite the apparent presence of technology and social media, society remains disconnected at a fundamental level, impacting overall mental health. Addressing the rising depression rates requires a comprehensive approach that considers various contributing factors. Improving access to mental healthcare, combating social isolation, and fostering meaningful connections are all essential steps toward creating a more mentally healthy and supportive society. By recognizing and addressing these complex issues, we can work together to improve mental well-being and build a more resilient community. Health Disparities and Depression Rates According to Ling Lam, a lecturer at Santa Clara University’s School of Education and Counseling Psychology, healthcare disparities and barriers to access can significantly increase the risk of depression. Consequently, these factors may also contribute to the current rise in depression rates. Dr. Erickson-Schroth emphasized that youth of color are facing particularly challenging times, with American Indian/Alaska Native youth having the highest rates of suicide among all racial or ethnic groups, and the suicide rate for Black youth having more than doubled over the past decade. To address these alarming trends, it is essential for the country to focus on systemic factors that influence these numbers. One crucial step is to work towards reducing racial discrimination and violence while simultaneously improving access to culturally competent mental healthcare. By creating a more inclusive and supportive environment, individuals from all backgrounds will feel safer and more comfortable reaching out for help when they need it. Addressing the root causes of healthcare disparities and working to provide equitable access to mental health services will be key to reducing the impact of depression on vulnerable populations. This requires a collaborative effort from policymakers, healthcare providers, and communities to create positive change and promote mental well-being for all. How Can We Lower Depression Rates in the U.S.? Addressing the rising trend of depression requires collective efforts at the societal level. Experts emphasize the significance of enhancing social connections and ensuring access to essential needs as vital steps in this endeavor. According to Dr. Erickson-Schroth, improving people’s lives is the most crucial tool in reducing depression rates. This can be achieved by fostering a sense of community and promoting meaningful social connections. When individuals feel supported and connected, it can significantly mitigate feelings of isolation and loneliness, contributing to better mental well-being. Furthermore, ensuring access to essential needs, such as adequate healthcare, stable housing, nutritious food, and education, is critical in addressing the root causes of depression. When these fundamental needs are met, individuals are better equipped to cope with life stressors and are less vulnerable to mental health challenges. Another essential aspect is identifying and addressing sources of stress in society. By implementing measures to reduce stressors related to work, education, finances, and other aspects of life, we can create a more supportive environment that fosters mental resilience. Taking a closer look, experts suggest several strategies to reduce rising depression rates in the United States. Nurture Social Connection At the forefront of reducing the

Jul 01

Symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder and How It’s Treated

ODD is a behavioral disorder experienced by some children. Many children exhibit occasional oppositional and defiant behaviors, which can be considered a part of normal developmental processes. However, in cases where a child consistently engages in a pattern of behaviors such as arguing, displaying anger, resisting authority figures including parents and adults, and demonstrating malice towards others, it could indicate the presence of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). ODD falls within the category of disruptive behavior disorders (DBD), a collection of conditions characterized by behaviors that disrupt the normal functioning of individuals and their surroundings. The American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry has reported that as much as 16% of children and adolescents are affected by ODD. Here is an overview of essential information concerning this specific mental health condition. Symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder Psychiatric practitioners utilize The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) to aid in determining whether an individual’s symptoms align with the criteria for making a psychiatric diagnosis. In the context of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), these criteria encompass an ongoing pattern of angry and irritable mood, contentious and resistant behavior, and a propensity for vindictiveness, all persisting for at least six months. An irritable mood entails instances where a child frequently loses their temper and becomes overly sensitive or easily provoked by others. Demonstrating argumentative behavior involves engaging in conflicts with adults or authoritative figures, often with the intention of deliberately provoking or unsettling them, as well as shifting blame to others for their own errors or misconduct. The vindictiveness criteria are met when an individual exhibits spiteful or vengeful actions on at least two occasions within the previous six months. Dr. Margaret Seide, a psychiatrist based in Maryland, expounds on ODD: “ODD refers to a consistent pattern of pervasive negative mood and disruptive conduct observed in children aged at least six years. These individuals may display irritability, impulsiveness, and frequent, seemingly unwarranted bouts of anger. Additionally, they can manifest vindictive tendencies, engage in frequent arguments, and readily defy rules, often with little regard for others or social norms. Their behavior can verge on recklessness and disregard for societal conventions.” The term “defiance,” inherent in the disorder’s name, denotes a persistent challenge to or struggle with authority. Dr. Seide highlights its significance: “Defiance is perhaps the most prevalent and consequential symptom. Regardless of one’s talents or physical abilities, the inability to follow instructions or adhere to regulations can severely impede progress in life.” This poses substantial challenges for individuals with ODD. Dr. Seide emphasizes, “Achievement largely hinges on the capacity to regulate emotions within the framework of laws and guidelines. Flourishing and reaching one’s full potential rely on tolerance for frustration and respect for hierarchical structures. What other children adhere to effortlessly becomes a substantial hurdle and source of strife for a child grappling with ODD.” Children afflicted by ODD may resort to bullying peers as a means to integrate themselves into play and social interactions. Dr. Seide clarifies, “For a child with ODD, their rebellion and reluctance to conform to unspoken codes of civility, sharing, and turn-taking hinder their ability to thrive among peers. They are denied the sense of belonging crucial to social maturation and competence. The genuine acceptance that peers extend is elusive to them.” In summary, ODD presents a complex array of symptoms rooted in disruptive behaviors, affecting emotional regulation, adherence to norms, and social integration. Who Develops ODD ODD is distinctly categorized as a childhood disorder and lacks a defined classification for adults. Primarily, ODD diagnoses are applicable to toddlers and young school-aged children, as highlighted by Gayani DeSilva, MD, a psychiatrist and author based in California. Dr. DeSilva emphasizes the necessity of comprehensive psychiatric assessments to uncover the underlying factors driving oppositional and defiant behaviors. Potential contributors could encompass instances of child abuse, inconspicuous sleep disorders, or even learning disorders. According to the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, ODD typically emerges during the preschool or early elementary school years. Among younger children, boys tend to be more frequently affected than girls. However, within the realm of school-age children and adolescents, an equitable distribution between genders becomes more apparent. Although ODD can manifest in adults, occurrences are exceedingly rare. Dr. Seide underscores the strong link with childhood, stating, “This condition’s association predominantly lies in childhood. In cases where an individual received a diagnosis during childhood and persists in displaying symptoms into adulthood, the diagnosis might extend into adulthood as a continuation.” Mental health experts lean towards a cautious approach when addressing the factors contributing to ODD development. Explaining the complexity of its origins, Dr. Seide asserts, “The genesis likely involves a blend of brain chemistry, genetic predispositions, and home environment influences. Notably, children with ODD often show a higher likelihood of exposure to parental styles marked by severity or neglect within their domestic setting, hinting at a connection.” Dr. DeSilva reiterates the importance of thorough evaluations for young individuals, affirming, “Typically, toddlers and young school-aged children qualify for an ODD diagnosis. A comprehensive psychiatric evaluation is necessary to find out what is driving the oppositional and defiant behaviors. There may be child abuse, a sleep disorder that is not obvious, or even a learning disorder.” In summary, ODD stands as a disorder primarily associated with childhood, with potential contributors stemming from a combination of biological, genetic, and environmental elements. Its rarity in adults further underscores its foundational ties to early developmental stages. How ODD Is Diagnosed In the process of diagnosing ODD, Dr. Seide emphasizes the importance of assessing whether the identified behaviors are pervasive across various settings. For instance, if a child exhibits ODD symptoms primarily at home but demonstrates comparatively well-behaved conduct at school, this may suggest a potential issue within the home environment rather than solely within the child. Additionally, Dr. Seide underscores the significance of ruling out other conditions that can mimic ODD, such as attention deficit disorder (ADD), depression, or autism spectrum disorder. Dr. DeSilva advocates for reserving an ODD

Jul 01

What Doctors Want You to Know About Situational Depression

Depression is a prevalent mental health condition that can manifest in various forms, and among these is situational depression. Unlike general depression, situational depression is distinctly tied to specific circumstances or events in an individual’s life that trigger feelings of intense sadness and emotional turmoil. These events can include situations such as the loss of a job, the passing of a loved one, a severe illness diagnosis, or other major life upheavals. Understanding situational depression entails delving into its defining characteristics, its symptoms, therapeutic approaches for addressing it, and the typical duration of its effects. Situational depression is often described as a response to external stressors rather than being rooted in a person’s inherent mental state. It arises from the emotional strain caused by significant life events, disrupting an individual’s emotional equilibrium and causing a notable decline in their overall well-being. Unlike chronic or clinical depression, which may have genetic, biochemical, and psychological factors contributing to its development, situational depression can be more clearly linked to specific triggers. The symptoms of situational depression closely mirror those of general depression, although they are distinctly tied to the triggering event. People experiencing situational depression might feel overwhelming sadness, hopelessness, and a profound sense of loss. They may experience changes in sleep patterns, appetite, and energy levels. Moreover, irritability, difficulty concentrating, and a lack of interest in activities once enjoyed are common indicators. Social withdrawal and isolation can also be observed as individuals struggle to cope with their emotions. Treatment for situational depression often involves a combination of therapeutic approaches, depending on the individual’s needs and the severity of their symptoms. Psychotherapy, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), is a common intervention. CBT helps individuals identify and challenge negative thought patterns, develop coping strategies, and gradually regain a sense of emotional stability. Support groups and counseling sessions can also provide a safe space for sharing experiences and learning from others facing similar challenges. The duration of situational depression varies depending on factors such as the nature of the triggering event, individual resilience, and the effectiveness of treatment. In many cases, situational depression tends to diminish as time passes and the individual adapts to their changed circumstances. However, if the symptoms persist or worsen over an extended period, it’s crucial to seek professional help to prevent the development of chronic depression. Overall, understanding situational depression involves recognizing its link to specific life events and acknowledging the profound impact it can have on an individual’s emotional well-being. Timely intervention through therapy, counseling, and support can help individuals navigate the challenging emotions associated with situational depression and facilitate their journey toward healing and recovery. What Is Situational Depression? Situational depression, although not formally recognized as an independent mental health diagnosis, falls under the category of adjustment disorders. Adjustment disorders encompass a range of emotional and psychological challenges that arise in response to a significant life event, such as trauma or a major life change. These disorders can hinder an individual’s ability to effectively adapt to their altered circumstances and can lead to various emotional disturbances. In the context of situational depression, this subtype of adjustment disorder occurs as a result of a specific triggering event that leaves an individual grappling with persistent feelings of distress, sorrow, or bereavement. Unlike other types of depression, situational depression tends to be more short-lived and closely linked to the event that precipitated it. However, its impact on an individual’s emotional well-being can still be profound, affecting their daily functioning and overall quality of life. Greg Simon, MD, MPH, a distinguished psychiatrist based in Washington and affiliated with Kaiser Permanente, notes that situational depression is closely associated with events that induce chronic stress, emotional turmoil, or grief. The uniqueness of this type of depression lies in its transient nature, often subsiding as the individual comes to terms with the event or finds ways to cope effectively. Unlike clinical depression, which may have a more complex interplay of genetic, biological, and environmental factors, situational depression is more directly linked to a triggering circumstance. Navigating situational depression often requires a multifaceted approach that addresses both the emotional distress caused by the triggering event and the development of healthy coping mechanisms. Psychotherapy, especially cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), can be effective in helping individuals reframe negative thought patterns and develop adaptive strategies to manage their emotions. Additionally, support groups and counseling can provide valuable outlets for sharing experiences and finding solace among individuals who have faced similar challenges. The duration of situational depression can vary widely, influenced by factors such as the nature of the triggering event, the individual’s resilience, and the effectiveness of interventions. While some individuals may find relief relatively quickly as they process their emotions, others might require more extended periods to regain emotional equilibrium. It’s essential for individuals experiencing situational depression to recognize when their distress persists beyond what is typical for adjustment following the triggering event. Seeking professional help can aid in preventing the transition to chronic or more severe forms of depression. In summary, situational depression, categorized as an adjustment disorder, emerges in response to a specific event that generates emotional upheaval and distress. While it lacks the enduring nature of clinical depression, situational depression’s impact on an individual’s well-being is significant. Acknowledging the connection between the triggering event and the ensuing emotional distress is crucial for seeking appropriate therapeutic interventions and support. Common Causes Situational depression, as the term implies, stems directly from stressful or traumatic situations. Such situations can encompass a range of experiences, including: 1. Coping with the loss of a loved one 2. Facing job loss or unemployment 3. Navigating the challenges of divorce or the end of a romantic relationship 4. Receiving a significant medical diagnosis or undergoing surgery 5. Confronting other scenarios that induce intense stress It’s important to note that situational depression can also arise from any circumstance that triggers heightened levels of stress. While not everyone who undergoes a traumatic event will develop situational depression, individuals who are already predisposed to classic depression