Day: July 3, 2024

Jul 03

Staphylococcus aureus induced wound infections

Introduction Human skin serves as an effective barrier to infection, protecting the underlying tissues, bones, and organs.1–3 Wounds are defined as a breach in the skin or tissues’ structural integrity that affects the skin’s ability to defend itself.4,5 As one the most common causes of death and morbidity in surgical patients, wound infection accounts for 70% to 80% of deaths after burn injuries.6–8 Out of all surgical deaths, around 70–80% deaths are caused by wound infection.9–11 Bacteria that cause pus production or wound infection include S. aureus, Clostridium spp., Actinomyces spp., E. coli, Proteus spp., Neisseria spp., Vibrio vulnificus and Candida spp.12 S. aureus is a versatile pathogen capable of infecting humans with a broad spectrum of illnesses causing both infection and soft tissue infection.13–16 Skin and soft tissue infections caused by S. aureus, as life-threatening systemic illnesses, are a significant hospital-acquired and community-acquired infections.17–20 Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) represent a global public health hazard because of their risk and spread.21 A lack of adequate containment and treatment options for MRSA and VRSA has the potential to cause significant global mortality.22–24 VRSA is also known to be resistant to a wide range of commonly used antimicrobial treatments. As the final line of defense against MRSA and other drug-resistant, Gram-positive pathogens, glycopeptide vancomycin has long been considered a lifesaver.25–27 Antimicrobial abuse and overuse may contribute to the rise of antimicrobial resistance, which is a major cause of illness and death around the world.28–30 The most prevalent place for MRSA and VRSA to co-infect and co-colonize is in a wound, making it the most typical place where VRSA is isolated. Treatment for a VRSA infection often includes prompt attention to the wound. The eradication of VRSA is aided by wound treatment, which also eliminates a conducive environment for co-colonization, thereby preventing the spread of plasmids.30 Since the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, treating infectious diseases has become more difficult.28 In order to be classified as multidrug resistant (MDR), an organism must be resistant to three or more categories of antimicrobial agents; extremely (extensive) drug resistant (XDR) means that an organism is resistant to all antimicrobial agents except for two or fewer categories, and pan drug resistant (PDR) means that an organism is resistant to all antimicrobial agents.31–33 MRSA refers to any S. aureus strain that has evolved or acquired a multiple drug-resistance to beta-lactam drugs. Treatment of serious MRSA infections with glycopeptide vancomycin is still the preferred option. Vancomycin suppresses cell wall manufacturing. VRSA is a phrase used to describe S. aureus isolates that are completely resistant to vancomycin (MIC≥16 µg/mL).22,25 There has been a significant rise in the incidence of antimicrobial resistance in hospital and community infections during the last decade. MRSA and VRSA have been brought to the attention of the medical profession and the general public, along with their full effect on health and economic consequences.34 Therefore, both the development of MRSA and VRSA as well as their prospective cost-effectiveness estimations are influenced by their clinical and economic consequences.28 Surgical wound infections are classified as followed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Superficial incisional infection that only involves the skin and subcutaneous tissues. One of the following criteria has to be met: purulent discharge from the wound, isolated organism, at least one symptom of infection, and diagnosis by the surgeon. These infections account for more than 50% of all surgical infections. Deep incisional infections involve deeper tissues, including muscles and fascial planes. One of the following criteria has to be met: purulent discharge from the wound, dehiscence, or deliberate re-opening of deep incision by the surgeon after suspecting an infection, evidence of abscess formation, or other deep infection diagnoses by the surgeon. Organ/space infection may involve any organ apart from the incision site but must be related to the surgical procedure. One of the following criteria has to be met: purulent discharge from the drain placed in the organ, isolated organism from the organ, abscess, or other infection involving the organ. This study sheds light on the current prevalence of MRSA and VRSA in wound swabs, the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolated S. aureus, and the presence of multidrug resistant strains among the isolates. Therefore, the study aims to assess the pattern of S. aureus isolated from pus/wound samples in Saudi Arabian tertiary hospitals. Materials and Methods Study Design This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out during the period from February 2022 to September 2022. Fisher’s formula was used to estimate the proper sample size which is 500 samples in our research. Data and specimens were collected from patients of all sexes and ages who visited the hospital throughout the research period. A total of 188 different S. aureus were isolated from 542 wound specimens in the Prince Mutaib Bin Abdulaziz Hospital (339) and Swair General Hospital in Sakaka, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia (203). Table 1 exhibits the distribution of wound specimens by gender, age, and location. Specimens that indicated any evidence of contamination were discarded from the examination. It is important to note that patients were only included in the study if they had a sample labeled with a combination of the following keywords: a wound swab, abscess, wound, drain, culture, or discharge. Table 1 Distribution of Wound Specimens of Patients by Gender, Age and Locations Collection of Specimens and Bacterial Categorization Aseptic dry swab samples were taken from the pus and wounds. The samples were properly labeled before being transferred to the lab, where they were quickly processed. Specimens were subsequently cultured on Blood Agar and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Staphylococcal isolates were identified using biochemical and morphological approaches.35 Multiple biochemical tests for the confirmation of S. aureus were performed on the Gram-positive cocci in cluster detected under the microscope. Identification of S. aureus based on the presence of catalase and oxidase as well as coagulase activity and DNase activity in the S. aureus colonies on mannitol salt agar. Presumptive MRSA was confirmed by Vitek 2

Jul 03

Town of Marana officials warn about lifeguard’s possible MRSA infections

MARANA, Ariz. (KGUN) — The Marana Parks and Recreation Department said the pool is now open in Marana, but last week it was closed for part of Saturday and all of Sunday because some lifeguards could have had MRSA infections. Kevin Goodrich, the recreation supervisor said on Saturday some of their lifeguards had sores on the back of their thighs, but never got into the pool. The CDC says MRSA can cause a bump or infected area on your skin that can be red, swollen, and painful, and you can have a fever with it. They say athletes are more susceptible to get it but anyone can get it. Goodrich said those lifeguards got checked out by a doctor and got treatments. He said they have been cleared to go back to work. In order to make sure everyone stays healthy, he said they disinfected surfaces and facilities with 10-90 bleach. Goodrich said he hasn’t seen a case of MRSA in his sixteen years with the town, and they always encourage a healthy lifestyle. “We do promote that nobody enter the water with any open sores or cuts or anything like that. The staff who did have the sores, they were not in the water,” Goodrich said. He said nobody else came forward with any symptoms and they are continuing to disinfect the facilities and surfaces at the pool.

Jul 03

Weight loss ‘wonder drug’ semaglutide can cut down risk of heart disease, says Danish drugmaker

New Delhi: Blockbuster diabetes drug semaglutide, frequently prescribed for weight loss in the United States, can significantly lower the risk of cardiovascular events and related deaths, a new trial has found. In a statement issued last week, Danish drugmaker Novo Nordisk — which manufactures and distributes various versions of semaglutide — declared that results from its ‘SELECT’ cardiovascular outcomes trial have shown that a 2.4 mg dose of the drug can reduce major heart-related events by up to 20 percent. The company told ThePrint via email that it has only announced its main findings for now. “The full study will be published in a peer-reviewed journal before year-end,” it said. Show Full Article In the US, 2.4 mg strength of semaglutide — a weekly injection — is sold by Novo Nordisk under the brand name Wegovy and is prescribed for obesity and weight loss even to people without diabetes. The drug is prescribed in a lower dose to treat diabetes. Semaglutide belongs to a class of medicine that works by attaching itself to receptors of gut hormones and leads to delayed gastric emptying — the slowing or stopping of the movement of food from the stomach to the small intestine. The drug has shown to cause improved insulin secretion while reducing appetite — a key reason why it is prescribed for obesity. Although not available in India, semaglutide in the injectible form can be imported and costs between Rs 12,000 and 20,000 a month. In India, a version of the drug is marketed under the brand name Rybelsus. This is, however, a lower dosage and is available in the form of pills. Buoyed by its new findings, Novo Nordisk has said it now expects to file for regulatory approvals of a indication expansion for Wegovy — that is, expanding the drug’s use in applications other than the one it was originally intended for — in the US and the European Union this year. A controversy broke out over the use of semaglutide just last month. In its report on 25 July, CNN quoted some women in the US as claiming to have developed gastroparesis or stomach paralysis — a disorder that affects the normal movement of the stomach muscles — after having used the drug for diabetes and weight loss for several years. According to doctors ThePrint spoke to, the Novo Nordisk trial shows promise for a country like India, which has a high burden of cardiovascular diseases. A study conducted by researchers associated with the Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), published in The Lancet this year, showed that a whopping 35.5 percent Indians have hypertension and 24 percent suffer from hypercholesterolaemia — a condition in which fat collects in arteries and puts individuals at greater risk of heart attack and stroke. Also Read: What is prediabetes? Condition affecting ‘136 mn in India’ is a risk factor for heart attacks & strokes ‘Encouraging results’ According to the Novo Nordisk press statement, “SELECT was a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial designed to evaluate the efficacy of semaglutide 2.4 mg versus placebo” among people who were overweight or obese and had established cardiovascular disease with no prior history of diabetes. The trial had enrolled 17,604 such adults aged 45 years or older. The patients were assessed for a period of five years, beginning 2018, the statement said. “People living with obesity have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease but to date, there are no approved weight management medications proven to deliver effective weight management while also reducing the risk of heart attack, stroke or cardiovascular death,” the statement quoting Martin Holst Lange, executive vice-president for development at Novo Nordisk, read, calling it a “landmark” trial. Diabetologists and medical experts in India say this is encouraging, although some have advised caution. Doctors told ThePrint that nausea, bloating, vomiting and diarrhoea are known side-effects of semaglutide, but added they had not yet seen stomach paralysis like the cases reported by CNN. “Semaglutide, a runaway success, is an established powerful agent for controlling diabetes and obesity (in higher strength) and has been a runaway success,” Dr V. Mohan, a diabetologist from Chennai, told ThePrint. Dr Mohan is one of the founders of Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, which conducted the study published in The Lancet last month. The additional benefit of reducing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is welcome “but not entirely unexpected since the drug limits insulin resistance and controls obesity”, Dr Mohan added. “The fact that this is now being proven in a randomised clinical trial that is well-powered adds to the growing body of evidence supporting the use of once-weekly Semaglutide.” A “well-powered” study is a well-designed study with robust intervention and control arms and strong results. According to Dr Mohan, the additional benefit of reducing CVD risk would make the drug “highly advantageous to Indians who are more prone to these diseases”, adding that the drug is eagerly awaited here. However, Dr Ashish Govil, a senior consultant in the department of interventional cardiology at Noida’s Jaypee Hospital, was more cautious about the trial results, saying that the drug should be used strictly under a physician’s supervision. “It’s worth noting that while semaglutide shows promise, it’s not a one-size-fits-all solution,” he said. (Edited by Uttara Ramaswamy) Also Read: Lancet study points to changing diabetes trends in India — on the rise in villages and among youth

Jul 03

Greater need for blood donations after Maui wildfires

BIRMINGHAM, Ala. (WBRC) -A lot of help is needed to help the wildfire victims in Hawaii. One way you can do that is by donating blood. Every two seconds someone in the U.S. needs blood, according to the American Red Cross. It’s especially vital after disasters like the wildfires in Hawaii. Your blood and platelet donations will help replenish supplies for areas impacted by disasters. According to reports, Maui hospitals are overwhelmed with patients including those suffering from burns. Plasma can help to heal burns, so that’s why the American Red Cross says it is important that people donate. “The Red Cross provides 40% of the nation’s blood and this is one of those times when that really comes in handy because we are able to have that blood collected in other areas and it can be sent to where it’s needed most,” Annette Rowland with the American Red Cross of Alabama said. If you have O-negative blood, you are strongly encouraged to give because it’s used most often in emergencies. To can donate to the efforts in Hawaii here. Get news alerts in the Apple App Store and Google Play Store or subscribe to our email newsletter here. Copyright 2023 WBRC. All rights reserved.

Jul 03

6 Cognitive Distortions That Could Be Fueling Your Anxious Thoughts

Developing an awareness of different modes of thinking can greatly enhance one’s understanding and problem-solving abilities. It is possible to identify these patterns not only in oneself but also in others. When recognizing such patterns, it is important to acknowledge the occurrence of “mind traps” or “cognitive distortions” and take a step back. One particular cognitive distortion that we personally struggle with is catastrophizing, which we will address first. 1. Catastrophizing Amplifying anxiety, catastrophizing is a distorted thinking pattern that tends to magnify negative outcomes. It involves jumping to the worst possible conclusions or perceiving situations as far more dire than they truly are. Many of us can relate to this tendency to imagine worst-case scenarios, as it can become a default response. When faced with challenges or situations, our minds engage in a continuous “what-if” game, contemplating the potential occurrence of these worst-case scenarios. Catastrophizing can manifest in two primary ways: firstly, by casting a negative light on present circumstances, and secondly, by envisioning a future riddled with multiple anticipated misfortunes. Breaking free from this cycle may pose a challenge, but there are simple steps to acknowledge and control it, especially when dealing with anxiety: 1. Recognize the occurrence of catastrophizing: Be aware of when this thinking pattern takes hold. 2. Document your negative thoughts: Maintain a personal record of what transpired and objectively note your thoughts about the situation. Additionally, document your subsequent reactions or behaviors. 3. Adjust your self-talk: Foster a forgiving and hopeful internal dialogue. Instead of attempting to entirely eliminate catastrophizing, recognize that the worst-case scenario isn’t always as terrible as it may initially seem. By consciously applying these steps, you can work towards minimizing the impact of catastrophizing on your well-being and mindset. 2. Polarized Thinking Polarized thinking occurs when individuals perceive outcomes or viewpoints as strictly right or wrong, leaving no room for middle ground. This kind of thinking, characterized by the belief in absolute good or bad, sets unattainable standards and contributes to heightened stress levels. Polarized thinking becomes apparent when one’s hopes and expectations are solely centered around a single event or outcome, such as gaining admission to a desired college course, seeking approval from others, pursuing a specific income level, or striving for a particular level of satisfaction. To counter polarized thinking, it is essential to recognize that most things in life fall within a spectrum between triumph and tragedy. Understanding that there are various levels and shades of success and failure can help alleviate the pressure of extreme thinking. It’s important to internalize the understanding that no single accomplishment or failure will singularly determine one’s future happiness. Life is a dynamic journey, and growth and fulfillment come from a multitude of experiences, not just one specific outcome. Moreover, it is unrealistic to expect that personal values will remain static or that others will share the same values. Recognizing and accepting the diversity of perspectives and priorities among individuals can contribute to more balanced thinking. When confronted with the fear of failure, it can be helpful to assess the actual consequences of such an outcome and develop a plan for coping with them. By preparing for potential setbacks and having strategies in place, individuals can mitigate the overwhelming sense of catastrophe and better manage the situation. By adopting these approaches, individuals can challenge polarized thinking and cultivate a more flexible and resilient mindset, leading to reduced stress levels and a healthier perspective on success and failure. 3. Filtering Filtering is a cognitive distortion where individuals selectively focus on the negative aspects of a situation while disregarding or minimizing any positive elements. This skewed perception can lead to a distorted and pessimistic view of reality. To counter filtering, it is important to develop the ability to evaluate situations objectively and clearly, even if negative aspects stand out more prominently. This involves consciously challenging oneself to see the bigger picture and consider all aspects of a situation, including the positive ones that might have been filtered out. Seeking out positives within a given situation can help balance the perspective and counteract the tendency to solely focus on the negative. Actively searching for and acknowledging the favorable aspects can provide a more accurate and balanced view of reality. Another important step is to resist the inclination to downplay or minimize one’s efforts or achievements. Often, individuals engaging in filtering tend to dismiss their successes or discount their accomplishments. It is crucial to recognize and give credit to one’s own efforts and achievements, no matter how small they may seem. Additionally, acknowledging personal growth by comparing past performance can be helpful. Reflecting on how far one has come and how they have improved over time can provide a more realistic and positive outlook. By recognizing progress and learning from past experiences, individuals can cultivate a sense of self-awareness and motivation to continue growing and evolving. By consciously applying these strategies, individuals can counteract the effects of filtering and develop a more balanced and constructive perspective on situations, allowing for a healthier and more positive mindset. 4. Personalization Personalization is a cognitive distortion in which individuals believe that others’ actions, moods, or behaviors are a direct response to them personally. This leads to a constant evaluation of one’s worth and a tendency to compare oneself to others. To address personalization, it is crucial to recognize that not everything people do or say is about oneself. Understand that individuals may be experiencing a bad mood or going through their own personal challenges, which may have nothing to do with you. It’s important to acknowledge that their emotions are not necessarily a reflection of your actions or worth. Recognize that people have their own thoughts and concerns that may be unrelated to you. Avoid assuming that every action or expression is directed at you specifically. Others may have various factors influencing their behavior that have nothing to do with your actions or presence. If you genuinely believe that you might have done something to upset someone,

Jul 03

9 Facts About Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental illness that influences a person’s ability to understand and connect with others. The disease is best understood as a “spectrum,” spanning a wide range of symptom intensity and encompassing a wide range of previously distinct medical disorders. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), around 1% of the world’s population, or 75 million individuals, have ASD. Despite how common ASD is, many common myths persist regarding it. Here are nine things regarding autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that you might not know. This includes symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for children. 1. Children Can Be Very Young When Diagnosed Children can receive a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as early as 18 months, although most diagnoses occur at 24 months or older when the diagnosis is considered more reliable, as stated by MedlinePlus. Prior to that age, children with autism may exhibit social communication deficits that are appropriate for their developmental stage. ASD is diagnosed based on behavioral observations and assessments since there are no medical or blood tests specifically for ASD. Healthcare providers typically conduct developmental screenings and comprehensive evaluations to assess a child’s behavior. This evaluation may include assessments of hearing, vision, and neurological function. In some cases, a follow-up visit to a specialist, such as a developmental pediatrician, may be recommended for further evaluation and support. 2. There’s a Wide Range of Symptoms The symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can vary greatly from person to person, with some individuals experiencing mild symptoms while others have more pronounced ones. In general, ASD symptoms often involve difficulties in communication and social interaction. People with ASD may struggle to understand and respond to others’ emotions and intentions, exhibit challenges in making eye contact, and have difficulty with social interactions and relationships. Repetitive behaviors and restricted interests are common among individuals with ASD. These may manifest as repetitive movements or actions, a strong focus on specific topics or objects, or the need for routine and sameness in daily activities. While some individuals with ASD may have difficulty with verbal communication, it is important to note that not all individuals with ASD are nonverbal. Approximately 40% of people with autism are nonverbal, according to Autism Speaks, but this varies among individuals. Other potential signs of ASD in children can include heightened sensitivity to sensory stimuli, intense tantrums or meltdowns, lack of response to their name being called, limited or absent pointing or gestures by 18 months of age, and a lack of engagement in pretend play activities. It is crucial to remember that these symptoms can vary and that an accurate diagnosis should be made by qualified healthcare professionals through comprehensive assessments and evaluations. 3. Prevalence Seems to Be Growing The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has shown a significant increase over the years. According to a 2021 report from the MMWR Surveillance Summaries, the prevalence has risen from 1 in 150 children being diagnosed to 1 in 44 since 2000. However, there is ongoing debate among experts regarding the reasons behind this increase. One factor that contributes to the rise in ASD prevalence is increased awareness and improved screening methods. As awareness about ASD has grown, more children are being identified and diagnosed with the disorder. Healthcare providers and educators are better equipped to recognize the signs and symptoms of ASD, leading to more accurate and timely diagnoses. Changes in diagnostic criteria also play a role in the increased prevalence. The criteria for diagnosing ASD have evolved over time, resulting in broader definitions and more inclusive criteria. This expansion has allowed for the identification of individuals who may have previously gone undiagnosed. However, it is important to note that the exact causes of the increased prevalence are still not fully understood. Some experts suggest that there may be underlying environmental or genetic factors contributing to the rise in ASD cases. Further research is needed to explore these factors and gain a better understanding of the true drivers behind the increased prevalence. Ultimately, the increase in ASD prevalence can be attributed to a combination of improved awareness, changes in diagnostic criteria, and potentially other factors. Ongoing research and collaboration among professionals in the field will help shed light on the causes and provide better insights into ASD. 4. Boys Are More Likely to Be Diagnosed Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are more commonly diagnosed in boys than in girls, with a prevalence rate of about four times higher in boys compared to girls. According to Autism Speaks, approximately 1 in 27 boys and 1 in 116 girls are reported to have ASD. Boys tend to be diagnosed with ASD earlier and more frequently than girls. However, there is growing evidence that girls with ASD may be underdiagnosed. Research suggests that girls often exhibit different patterns of ASD symptoms and may present with camouflaged symptoms that are missed during evaluations, contributing to the underdiagnosis. A study published in the Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders in May 2018 explored sex-based differences in ASD presentation among girls. The researchers highlighted the diagnosis gap between girls and boys and emphasized the need to recognize and understand the unique characteristics and challenges faced by girls with ASD. Underdiagnosis of ASD in girls may be attributed to fewer screenings and a lack of awareness about the diverse ways ASD can manifest in females. Societal expectations and stereotypes may also play a role. Girls with ASD may be perceived as shy or introverted, and their preference for solitary play or differences in social interactions may be overlooked or attributed to normal variations in behavior. In contrast, boys are often expected to exhibit more extroverted and social behaviors, making deviations from these expectations more noticeable. It is crucial to increase awareness and understanding of the unique presentation of ASD in girls. By addressing the gender disparities in ASD diagnosis, healthcare professionals can improve identification and provide appropriate support for girls with ASD. 5. Autism May Begin Before

Jul 03

What Causes Asthma?

The airways become irritated and restricted due to asthma, a chronic lung condition. Exercise, exposure to allergens and irritants, and respiratory infections can all bring on asthma symptoms including shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest tightness. Genetics, allergies, exposure to lung irritants, and immune system malfunction have all been linked to an increased chance of developing asthma, while the actual origin of the condition remains unclear.1 This article will examine the various causes and triggers of asthma, as well as the biological processes that contribute to asthma symptoms. Theories The development of asthma is a complex process that varies from person to person. While the exact cause(s) remain elusive, asthma is commonly triggered by specific factors. Individuals with asthma have airways that are hyperresponsive, meaning they are more sensitive to certain triggers. When exposed to these triggers, the airways become inflamed, leading to swelling and narrowing. This inflammation causes the surrounding muscles to constrict, further obstructing the airway passages and resulting in symptoms like shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness. Additionally, the inflammation can stimulate excess mucus production, worsening the symptoms. Extensive research is ongoing to unravel the precise causes of asthma. It is widely accepted that a combination of genetic and environmental factors contributes to the development of asthma. Genetic predisposition plays a role, as asthma often runs in families. Specific genes related to immune function, airway reactivity, and inflammation have been identified, but the interplay of multiple genes and their interaction with environmental influences is believed to be responsible for asthma susceptibility. Environmental factors also play a crucial role in triggering asthma. Exposure to allergens such as pollen, dust mites, and pet dander, as well as irritants like tobacco smoke, air pollution, and chemical fumes, can provoke asthma symptoms. Respiratory infections, physical activity, and changes in weather conditions can also act as triggers. Occupational exposure to certain substances can lead to the development of occupational asthma. Understanding the complex interplay between genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and immune system responses is crucial in managing and preventing asthma. Personalized treatment plans, trigger avoidance strategies, and ongoing research efforts aim to improve the management and quality of life for individuals with asthma. Exposure to Allergens There is a strong association between allergies and asthma, and individuals with allergies are at a higher risk of developing asthma compared to those without allergies. When people with allergies come into contact with allergens like pollen, pet dander, mold, or dust, their immune system perceives these substances as harmful and triggers an exaggerated response. This immune response leads to inflammation in the airways, causing symptoms associated with asthma, such as shortness of breath and chest tightness. This specific type of asthma triggered by allergies is referred to as allergic asthma. The immune system’s overreaction to allergens in allergic asthma involves the release of chemicals, such as histamines, which further contribute to airway inflammation and constriction. Allergic asthma can be diagnosed through specific allergy tests that identify the specific allergens triggering the immune response. Viral Respiratory Infections Viral respiratory infections, including the common cold and influenza, have been identified as potential triggers for the development of asthma. When a viral infection occurs, the immune system activates a response to combat the virus, involving the production of immune cells and the release of chemicals. In certain individuals, this immune response can lead to inflammation and constriction of the airways, resulting in asthma symptoms. Studies have shown that some children who experience viral or bacterial respiratory infections during their early years may go on to develop chronic asthma. This could be attributed to the fact that the immune system and lungs are still in the developmental stage during infancy and early childhood, rendering them more vulnerable to damage and inflammation caused by respiratory viruses. While not all viral infections lead to asthma, it is important to recognize the potential link between respiratory infections and the development of asthma in susceptible individuals, especially in children. Early prevention and management of viral infections, along with appropriate asthma treatment strategies, can help reduce the risk and impact of asthma triggered by respiratory infections. Exposure to Lung Irritants Exposure to lung irritants is considered a potential factor in the development of asthma. The impact of exposure to these irritants can vary depending on the specific irritant, duration of exposure, and individual factors such as genetics and underlying health conditions. Prolonged exposure to certain irritants, particularly in occupational settings, has been associated with an increased risk of asthma due to chronic exposure. When inhaled, lung irritants can lead to inflammation and constriction of the airways, contributing to the development of asthma symptoms. Examples of lung irritants include air pollution, cigarette smoke, specific types of dust (such as industrial or wood dust), chemical fumes, and vapors. These irritants can trigger an immune response and result in airway inflammation and subsequent asthma symptoms. Is Asthma Hereditary? Asthma has a strong genetic component, and its occurrence within families indicates a significant genetic link. Individuals who have family members with asthma are more prone to developing the condition, and the risk is significantly higher if one of their parents has asthma. Extensive research has identified more than 100 genes associated with asthma, many of which are involved in the functioning of the immune system and lungs. These shared genetic factors explain why individuals with asthma often exhibit heightened sensitivity to allergens and environmental irritants compared to those without asthma. Additionally, these genetic risk factors overlap with other conditions related to immune system overactivity, such as allergic rhinitis and eczema. It is important to note that having a genetic predisposition to asthma does not guarantee its development. The interplay between various genes, as well as the interaction with environmental factors, plays a crucial role in asthma development. Further research is necessary to understand the complex mechanisms through which genetic and environmental factors contribute to the manifestation of asthma. Who Gets Asthma? Asthma can affect individuals of all ages, genders, and ethnicities, although certain factors can

Jul 03

Common Things That Can Cause or Trigger Asthma

You’ve certainly heard of some of the various causes of asthma attacks, which include wheezing, coughing, and difficulty breathing. Pollen, physical exertion, psychological strain, and other factors can all serve as triggers. However, asthma triggers are not the same thing as the true causes of asthma. Researchers have been unable to pin down the root reasons. But here’s what we know about the triggers for asthma, and the treatments that may help. Genetics Asthma, like many other diseases, is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Research suggests that genetics play a significant role in asthma, with approximately 50% or more of cases being attributed to inherited genes. According to Traci Gonzales, a spokesperson for the American Lung Association and a nurse practitioner with UTHealth McGovern Medical School Houston, there are identified genetic traits associated with asthma. If parents have asthma, there is an increased likelihood that their children will also develop the condition. Having a family history of allergies further increases the risk of developing asthma. This genetic predisposition to asthma and other allergic conditions is known as atopy. Scientists have already identified numerous genes that may be involved in asthma, and it is likely that there are many more yet to be discovered. Some of these genes are related to the functioning of the immune system, while others are associated with the functioning of the airways. However, it is important to note that genes alone are unlikely to be the sole cause of asthma. Rather, it is a combination of inheriting certain genes and being exposed to specific environmental triggers that can lead to the development of asthma. Allergies In some cases, asthma triggers and causes can overlap, particularly in adult-onset asthma. Allergy-related factors, such as exposure to dust mites or mold, can contribute to the development of asthma. While it may not be possible to predict which specific allergy will lead to asthma, managing symptoms can be achieved by avoiding triggers. Identifying your specific allergens can be done with the help of an allergist, who can conduct tests to pinpoint the substances that trigger your allergic reactions and potentially contribute to your asthma symptoms. By knowing your triggers, you can take proactive measures to minimize exposure and better manage your asthma. Respiratory Infections Respiratory infections, especially in young children, can be a trigger for asthma development. Children have developing immune systems, and the effects of infections can sometimes lead to long-term outcomes, including the onset of asthma. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza are common viral infections that can cause symptoms similar to a cold and potentially contribute to the development of asthma. While it may not be possible to completely prevent infections, taking preventive measures can help reduce the risk. This includes getting appropriate vaccinations, such as the seasonal flu vaccine, and practicing good hand hygiene by regularly washing hands. These steps can help minimize the likelihood of respiratory infections and potentially decrease the chances of asthma development or worsening symptoms. Air Pollution and Smoke There is evidence to suggest that both air pollution and secondhand smoke exposure may contribute to the development of asthma in individuals who do not already have the condition. Research indicates that exposure to cigarette smoke, particularly during childhood or before birth (via maternal exposure), may play a role in asthma development. This exposure can have indirect effects by making a child more susceptible to infections, which in turn increase the risk of asthma. It may also have direct effects on the immune system or the development of the respiratory system. While there is a correlation between smoking exposure and asthma, the exact mechanisms are not fully understood. It is unclear whether the exposure is from secondhand smoke or in utero exposure, or if individuals who smoke themselves have a higher incidence of asthma. It is important to note that cigarette smoking itself does not seem to directly cause adult-onset asthma. However, smoking can exacerbate symptoms in individuals who already have asthma. Quitting smoking and minimizing exposure to secondhand smoke are crucial steps in managing asthma symptoms and improving overall respiratory health. Your Job Occupational asthma is a type of asthma that is caused by exposure to irritants, such as fumes, dust, or gases, in the workplace. Certain occupations, such as baking, farming, and jobs in chemical or plastic manufacturing, are associated with a higher risk of developing occupational asthma. While some individuals may develop asthma symptoms immediately upon exposure to a specific toxin in their work environment, it is more common for symptoms to develop gradually after chronic exposure over time. It’s important to note that not everyone who is exposed to occupational irritants will develop asthma. Individual susceptibility can vary, and some individuals may be more prone to developing the condition due to genetic or other factors. If you suspect that your asthma symptoms are work-related, it is crucial to seek medical attention and inform your healthcare provider about your occupational exposure. They can help evaluate your symptoms, conduct relevant tests, and determine if there is a connection between your asthma and workplace environment. Taking appropriate measures to minimize exposure to workplace triggers, such as using protective equipment or modifying work processes, may be necessary to manage and prevent further exacerbation of occupational asthma symptoms. Obesity Obesity is a known risk factor for asthma, and individuals who are obese have a higher prevalence of asthma compared to those with a healthy body mass index (BMI). According to the American Lung Association, the rate of asthma is approximately 11% among individuals who are obese, compared to 7% among adults with a healthy BMI. This association is particularly pronounced in obese women, with almost 15% of them experiencing asthma. The exact reasons behind the link between obesity and asthma are not fully understood. However, obesity is known to contribute to chronic inflammation throughout the body, and this inflammation may play a role in the development or exacerbation of asthma symptoms. Additionally, individuals who are obese often face challenges in effectively

Jul 03

Experts Explain Ways to Beat Pet Allergies From Cats and Dogs

Pollen, mold spores, and other allergens found outside can attach to a pet’s hair or fur in addition to dander. Whether you’ve had cat or dog allergies before or not, there are steps you may do to alleviate your symptoms. Pet allergies can be found in the animal’s fur, skin, and saliva, per the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (ACAAI). According to the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI), the proteins in pet dander, skin flakes, saliva, and urine can trigger allergic reactions or exacerbate asthma symptoms in certain people. Be Prepared Alejandra Soto, who has allergies to various animals, shared her personal approach to managing her allergies when visiting homes with pets. She mentioned that she takes an antihistamine pill approximately 20 minutes before going to someone’s house to help alleviate her allergy symptoms. Since she cannot always predict if someone has a pet, she always carries an antihistamine in her purse to be prepared. Soto emphasized that it is rare for her to be exposed to pet allergens without prior knowledge, as she takes precautions to manage her allergies effectively. Don’t Choose the Soft Chair The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI) recommends avoiding exposure to the allergens causing pet allergy symptoms as the best way to manage them. In households with cats or dogs, upholstered furniture can trap pet dander, which is a common allergen. To minimize exposure, it is advised to avoid sitting on upholstered furniture and opt for hard wooden chairs instead. Even if you cannot visibly see any animal hair on a couch, it is still recommended to refrain from sitting on it to reduce the risk of allergen exposure. Take Antihistamines Non-drowsy antihistamines like loratadine (Claritin) can be effective in keeping you symptom-free and alert when visiting households with pets that trigger your allergies. Taking loratadine or other oral antihistamines can help manage allergy symptoms caused by pets, according to the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America (AAFA) and the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (ACAAI). Additionally, steroid nasal sprays and other oral medications may be recommended by an allergist based on your specific allergy triggers. If you are planning an extended visit to a home with cats or dogs, it may be advisable to consult a healthcare provider about starting medication a few weeks prior to the visit to better manage your symptoms. Practice Hand Hygiene In addition to managing pet allergies, it is important to follow basic hygiene practices to minimize exposure to pet allergens. Washing your hands regularly and refraining from touching your face are essential habits recommended by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). If you come into contact with pet allergens, such as after playing with a pet, it is advised to wash your hands and launder your clothes to remove the allergens. Even minimal contact with pets can trigger allergic reactions, so it is cautioned by the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI) to avoid hugging, kissing, or close contact with pets if you are allergic to them. Pet dander can easily be transferred to surfaces, so washing your hands before touching your face or eyes is important to prevent triggering allergy symptoms. By practicing good hygiene habits, you can help reduce exposure to pet allergens and minimize allergic reactions. Have Air Filter, Will Travel If you frequently visit households with pets but find that they don’t have a HEPA air purifier in the room where you’ll be staying, it might be worth considering investing in a portable HEPA air purifier of your own. HEPA (High-Efficiency Particulate Air) air purifiers are known for their ability to effectively remove allergenic particles from the air. These small yet powerful devices can be purchased for under $200 and can also be used to clean the air in your car. According to the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI), HEPA air purifiers are beneficial not only for pet allergens but also for pollen, mold, and dust mite allergens. Having a HEPA filter can be a valuable addition to your allergy management strategy, providing cleaner air and potentially reducing allergic reactions in various environments. So, if you frequently encounter pet allergens or other allergens in your surroundings, consider investing in a portable HEPA air purifier to create a cleaner and more allergen-free environment for yourself. When You Get Home To minimize the spread of pet allergens and avoid bringing them into your home, it’s recommended to wash your clothes in hot water, especially after a visit to a household with cats or dogs. Pet allergens can easily become airborne and settle on various surfaces, including carpets and furniture, where they can persist for months. Additionally, these allergens can hitch a ride on clothing and be transported to areas without pets. To ensure thorough removal of allergens, Angel Waldron suggests washing everything you’ve brought from the pet-inclusive environment. It’s advisable to use water that is at least 130 degrees Fahrenheit to effectively eliminate allergens. By washing your clothes in hot water, you can help reduce the presence of pet allergens and minimize the potential for allergic reactions in your own living space. HEPA at Home To reduce the presence of allergens in your home, the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America (AAFA) suggests several strategies. Installing air cleaners with HEPA filters in your heating and air conditioning systems can help minimize the circulation of allergens. It is recommended to run the air cleaners for at least four hours a day to ensure their effectiveness. When vacuuming, opt for a vacuum cleaner equipped with a HEPA filter to trap allergens more efficiently. It is also advisable to wear a dust mask while vacuuming to minimize your exposure to airborne allergens. Instead of dry dusting, use a damp cloth to trap dust and prevent it from becoming airborne. Maintaining a clean and tidy home is essential in reducing allergen levels. Dust and clutter can harbor allergens, so regular cleaning is