medicalvise.org

Signs You’re in a Relationship With a Sociopath, From a Woman Who Almost Married One If we consider statistics, approximately 3.8% of the population may meet the diagnostic criteria for sociopathy, which is an older term used to describe antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). This mental health condition is characterized by traits such as deceitfulness, lack of empathy, and absence of conscience. It is important to note that ASPD traits can vary along a spectrum, and individuals may exhibit different degrees of these traits. However, it is crucial to understand that even high-functioning individuals with sociopathic tendencies who can conceal or partially control their behaviors can still pose risks. It is important to be aware of certain signs that may indicate that your partner has traits associated with antisocial personality disorder. Brittani’s Story This article deviates from the usual content you come across. However, I have personal experience in dating and nearly marrying an individual with sociopathic traits. Our initial connection occurred on the dating app Tinder. While it wasn’t love at first sight for me, the same cannot be said for him. Our relationship unfolded rapidly, leading to a whirlwind romance where I found myself pregnant within a year, engaged, and even searching for a house. Unfortunately, my life was far from the fairy tale I had imagined. It took me close to two years to break free from the deception and comprehend that nearly every aspect of our relationship was built upon falsehoods. I share my story here with the intention to provide a warning, to the best of my ability, as I wouldn’t want anyone to experience the heartache and fear that I endured. They Have Extreme Charisma Individuals with ASPD often exhibit high levels of self-assurance and charisma. They possess a deep-rooted belief that they are superior in terms of appearance, talent, and entitlement to the best that life has to offer. In my experience with my ex-partner, there was no mirror he didn’t appreciate and no person he couldn’t charm. I would observe him engaging with complete strangers, and within a matter of minutes, they would be drawn to him, wanting to exchange contact information or simply revel in his captivating presence. This extraordinary level of confidence can be incredibly alluring. ASPD Move Fast in a Relationship During the early stages of dating a sociopath, they can rapidly escalate the relationship. By the second date, they may be discussing marriage, suggesting moving in together within weeks, and expressing intense feelings of love and visions of a future together within a month. They expertly weave an enchanting narrative, presenting an idealized and cinematic portrayal of the life they can offer, and it’s easy to become captivated by these enticing fantasies. In my personal experience, my partner treated our relationship like a puzzle, continuously adjusting and altering aspects of themselves to align with what I desired. Looking back, I suspect that their motivations were primarily driven by the need for a place to stay and three meals a day. However, they also required me to lower my guard and be financially supportive. It is crucial to recognize these manipulative tactics employed by sociopaths, as they exploit vulnerabilities and use charm to gain control and advantages in the relationship. It is important to be cautious and prioritize your own well-being, both emotionally and financially. They Tell Lies Upon Lies Individuals with ASPD have a remarkable ability to lie effortlessly. In my experience with my ex-partner, they possessed exceptional skills in manipulating words and playing different roles. It would require an extensive amount of pages to detail every falsehood they told, but one instance stands out as a perfect example. Around seven months into our relationship, I received an email from a woman. She provided a brief message along with screenshots of text conversations between them, as well as photos of them together and of his dog. Despite this evidence, I chose to believe my partner’s version of events. He was a master at crafting plausible excuses that appeared to explain and dismiss the woman’s claims. Deep down, I had a gut feeling that she was telling the truth, but his skills in manipulation were so adept that he was able to sway my belief in his favor. They Don’t Want to Share You As my love and commitment deepened within our relationship, I found myself growing increasingly distant from my other close relationships. My partner would react with pouting or disapproval whenever I spent time with girlfriends or maintained friendships with other guys, regardless of their sexual orientation. Eventually, he even attempted to sever my close ties with my own family. Sociopaths often display traits of paranoia. They fear being exposed or having their manipulative games discovered, leading to possessive behaviors. It almost feels as if you are seen as their exclusive possession, a toy they do not want anyone else to play with. They exert control and make you feel as if you belong solely to them. Recognizing these possessive and controlling tendencies is crucial in maintaining a healthy sense of independence and preserving relationships with friends and family. It is important to prioritize your own well-being and surround yourself with supportive individuals who respect your autonomy. Sociopaths Use Guilt Trips My ex-partner had a manipulative tactic when it came to getting what he wanted from me. He would fabricate sob stories to evoke sympathy and persuade me to fulfill his desires. One instance was when he expressed dissatisfaction with his tennis teaching job, claiming that he had no time to study for his medical board exams. Interestingly enough, he presented himself as a potential doctor, adding to the deception. He skillfully tugged at my heartstrings, and without realizing it, I ended up shouldering all the financial responsibilities so that he could have more time to study. However, in reality, he spent his days sunbathing, working out, and playing tennis. Whenever I questioned his lack of motivation, he resorted to verbally abusing me, which brings me to

How ‘Sociopath’ Relates to Symptoms of Antisocial Personality Disorder The term "sociopath" is often used in popular culture to describe characters in movies, books, or even real individuals whose behavior deviates significantly and dangerously from societal norms. It typically refers to individuals who lack remorse and engage in purposefully violent or harmful actions towards others. This term is also associated with a mental health condition called Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD). ASPD is a diagnosable condition characterized by persistent patterns of behavior that disregard and violate the rights of others. These behaviors often manifest as a lack of empathy, a disregard for social norms and rules, impulsivity, and manipulative tendencies. It’s important to note that ASPD is a complex disorder, and a proper diagnosis should be made by a qualified mental health professional based on specific diagnostic criteria. Keep reading to find out more. How Are ASPD and Sociopathy Related? ASPD was indeed previously referred to as sociopathy, and the term was coined by American psychologist George Partridge. Partridge described sociopaths as individuals with dangerous tendencies. Additionally, psychopathy is another term that is often associated with ASPD and sociopathy. The term "psychopath" was created by German psychiatrists, including Julius Koch, in the nineteenth century. It was used to describe individuals who failed to conform to societal norms and exhibited a desire to harm others. While sociopathy, psychopathy, and ASPD share similarities, it’s important to note that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR), which is widely used for diagnosing mental disorders, does not include these specific terms as formal diagnoses. Instead, it categorizes related traits and behaviors under the umbrella of Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD). Signs of Antisocial Personality Disorder In order to be diagnosed with ASPD, individuals need to meet certain criteria. Firstly, they must be at least 18 years old. Additionally, they should have shown behavioral and emotional difficulties starting from the age of 15, and these difficulties should not be explained by another diagnosis like schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Healthcare professionals will then assess the presence of at least three of the following characteristics (although the specific number may vary slightly between individuals) to confirm the diagnosis. Lack of Empathy and Remorse ASPD is characterized by a notable absence of empathy. Individuals with ASPD struggle to comprehend and appropriately respond to the emotions of others. For instance, even when their behavior harms others, they may not offer apologies. Furthermore, individuals with ASPD may not experience any sense of remorse or empathy for mistreating others. In fact, they may try to rationalize or justify their actions. Impulsivity Impulsivity is a prevalent behavioral pattern often observed in individuals with ASPD. They tend to act on immediate impulses without carefully considering the consequences. This impulsive behavior, driven by self-interest, can result in harm to both themselves and others. It is common for individuals with ASPD to engage in actions without a well-thought-out plan or consideration for the potential negative outcomes. Chronic Lying or Manipulation Individuals with ASPD often demonstrate a high level of skill in embellishing the facts, particularly when it serves their own interests. They may derive pleasure or personal gain from deceiving others through tactics such as providing false information, telling lies, adopting aliases, engaging in manipulation, or resorting to trickery. These individuals are known for their ability to use lies, dishonesty, or theft as tools for manipulation and scams. Furthermore, individuals with ASPD are adept at masking their less desirable qualities in order to appear more approachable. They often manipulate others by leveraging their charm or charisma, appealing to the emotions and vulnerabilities of those around them. This manipulation serves their personal agendas and helps them maintain a certain level of control over their interactions and relationships. Aggressiveness Assertiveness and aggressiveness, particularly through physical altercations and attacks, are notable characteristics of ASPD. Research has indicated a correlation between higher rates of violence during childhood and the subsequent diagnosis of ASPD in adulthood. This aggression can manifest in various forms, including brutality towards both people and animals, a general sense of spitefulness, impatience, and episodes of explosive rage. These behaviors reflect the animosity that individuals with ASPD may exhibit as a core feature of their condition. Irresponsibility Individuals with ASPD commonly exhibit a consistent pattern of irresponsibility, which can manifest in various aspects of their lives. This includes repeatedly failing to meet their professional or social obligations. They may frequently miss work, ignore deadlines, and neglect their financial responsibilities by not paying debts. This pattern of irresponsibility reflects a lack of regard for societal norms and obligations that are typically expected of individuals. It is a notable characteristic of ASPD and can contribute to difficulties in maintaining stable relationships and functioning effectively in various areas of life. Risk-Taking Individuals with ASPD tend to engage in significantly riskier behaviors compared to the general population. This includes a higher likelihood of substance misuse, engaging in risky sexual behaviors, and excessive alcohol consumption. As a result, individuals with ASPD are at a greater vulnerability to contracting certain viruses and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Moreover, the reckless and careless nature of individuals with ASPD puts them at a higher risk of experiencing accidents and traumatic events. This can lead to premature death not only for themselves but also potentially endanger those around them. The combination of engaging in risky actions, substance misuse, and a lack of concern for personal safety can have severe consequences for individuals with ASPD and those in their proximity. It highlights the need for appropriate support, intervention, and management of the disorder to mitigate potential harm. Ignoring Social Norms and Laws Individuals with ASPD typically exhibit a notable tendency to deviate from social standards and disrupt them, and this behavior often becomes evident from an early age. For example, a person with ASPD may have a history of engaging in acts such as childhood arson or animal abuse. This propensity to violate societal norms can potentially lead to increased involvement in criminal

Signs of an Eating Disorder You Shouldn’t Ignore Concerns about one’s health, weight, or attractiveness are not the same thing as having an eating problem. These are problems that a person suffers from medically that have a detrimental impact on their eating habits. Both a person’s physical and mental health can be negatively impacted by these diseases, some of which have the potential to even be fatal. A person who struggles with an eating disorder may develop an unhealthy fixation on maintaining a certain body weight or form, as well as maintaining strict control over their eating routines. Because people can make a full recovery from eating disorders after receiving treatment for them, it is crucial to be aware of the signs and symptoms of eating disorders. The following indicators can assist you in recognizing an eating problem, or one that is developing into a disorder, at an earlier stage. Know the Symptoms Some of the signs of eating disorders are readily obvious, including the following: Having a rapid and significant weight loss. a refusal to consume food Leaving the table frequently and for extended periods of time in order to use the restroom after meals On the other hand, anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder may manifest itself in a more understated manner. Even though they don’t appear to be sick, a person might be suffering from a serious condition. How can you determine whether a close friend or member of your family is in danger? Because persons who have eating disorders exhibit a broad variety of symptoms, and because eating disorders may impact a very diverse group of people, there is no foolproof method. Anyone is at risk for developing an eating disorder. Eating disorders can affect people of any color or ethnicity, any weight or body type, any sexual orientation, or any gender. Despite the fact that eating disorders most frequently manifest themselves during puberty, the symptoms of the condition can also be seen in children and adults. The symptoms of an eating disorder can vary greatly from person to person, and the vast majority of individuals who struggle with this condition won’t present each red flag at the same time. On the other hand, the following symptoms can indicate that there is a problem. Cooking Meals for Other People But Not Eating People who suffer from eating disorders may not eat themselves, but they may take great pleasure in watching others consume food. Sometimes they will go to the extreme of preparing meals for their friends and family, even if they are not going to consume those meals themselves. It has also been discovered via research that those who have poor eating habits are more prone to watch films in which other people consume large quantities of food. Vicarious pleasure can be achieved by, for example, eating "through" other people. Dry Skin Skin that is dry and blotchy as a result of dehydration might be an indicator that anorexia or bulimia is still present. According to Cynthia Bulik, PhD, founding director of the University of North Carolina Center of Excellence for Eating Disorders in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, who spoke with Health about the topic, "Regular purging and the use of laxatives can seriously dehydrate you." People who have eating problems may not always have dry skin as the only sign of dehydration. Mouth dryness, sunken cheeks and eyes, and severe electrolyte imbalances are among potential side effects of this condition. Russell’s sign, often known as calluses appearing on the knuckles or the back of the hand, is another alteration in the skin that might be indicative of bulimia. In 1979, psychiatrist Gerald Russell determined that such calluses were caused by continuously rubbing the palm of one’s hand against one’s teeth in an attempt to induce vomiting. Eating Rituals According to Dr. Bulik, excessively strenuous exercise routines, which are sometimes referred to as "exercise anorexia" at times, can go hand in hand with eating disorders. However, determining what constitutes "excessive" exercise can be difficult, particularly when dealing with very active young people or sportsmen. According to research done on Norwegian high school students, there appears to be a larger prevalence of eating disorders among top female athletes (14% versus 5.1% respectively) than there is among non-athletes (5.1%).Higher frequency of eating disorders among teenage top athletes compared to controls. The following are two warning signs: Does the individual feel out of control if they skip a day of exercise? Do they continue to train despite having an injury or being ill? "These are pretty good indications that things have gone too far," said Dr. Bulik. "Things have gone too far." Fear of Eating in Public Anxiety disorders can be the cause of symptoms such as feeling bashful or self-conscious when eating in front of other people. For instance, a person could have the misconception that other people are observing them and passing judgment on them. However, it may also be an indication that eating in general has become too stressful for the individual. According to Dr. Bulik’s explanation, "Eating can be enormously anxiety-provoking for someone who suffers from an eating disorder." "The magnitude of the challenge is only increased by doing it in front of other people." Although it is a characteristic feature of anorexia, not wanting to eat in the presence of other people is something that can occur with any eating disorder. "Even people with binge eating disorder will eat very small amounts when they are in public, then binge when they are alone," observed Dr. Bulik. Feeling Cold Feeling cold is a symptom more often associated with anorexia than with bulimia or binge eating disorder.Frequently complaining about being cold or wearing sweaters and other heavy clothing, even in mild weather, are common tip-offs in people with eating disorders Feeling cold may be caused by malnutrition and low body fat. Body fat stores energy and helps the body withstand cold. People with too little body fat can have difficulty maintaining their internal body temperature

What Is the Dark Triad and Why Are People With These Traits So Dangerous? The term "dark triad" may evoke images of a horror movie or video game, but it refers to a troubling combination of personality traits found in some individuals. To shed light on this concept, we consulted with experts who provided insights into the dark triad, including its definition, signs of a dark triad personality, and the potential dangers associated with these traits. What Is the Dark Triad? The term "dark triad" was coined by two researchers in 2002 and was published in the Journal of Research in Personality. It refers to a combination of three interconnected negative personality types that you may already be familiar with: Narcissism: This involves an inflated sense of superiority and entitlement, although beneath the grandiosity, individuals with narcissism often harbor feelings of inadequacy. Machiavellianism: This trait is characterized by high levels of manipulation, a willingness to deceive others for personal gain, and a cynical worldview. Psychopathy: Key traits of psychopathy include a lack of empathy, emotional detachment, impulsivity, and a tendency to take risks. At the core of these traits is a disregard for others and an excessive focus on self. Individuals with dark triad traits lack compassion, empathy, and a moral compass. People exhibiting dark triad traits are often highly willing to exploit others to further their own interests, showing little remorse when causing harm to others. They may also display deceitful and aggressive behaviors. How Common Are Dark Triad Personalities? Determining the exact number of people who fit the description of the dark triad is challenging since it is not an officially recognized diagnosis in the DSM-5, which is considered the psychiatric diagnostic manual. As Thomas G. Plante, PhD, ABPP, professor of psychology at Santa Clara University and adjunct clinical professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford University School of Medicine, explained, the closest diagnosis we have is antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). ASPD, also referred to as sociopathy, is a recognized mental disorder characterized by a repeated disregard for rules and a lack of consideration for the feelings of others. Individuals with ASPD, like those with dark triad traits, exhibit a significant lack of empathy, as well as a tendency toward hostility and aggression. Plante noted that individuals with dark triad personalities appear to be relatively common based on available data, and their behavior can often be reinforced by societal factors. How Can You Tell if Someone Has Dark Triad Traits? Identifying individuals with dark triad personalities can be difficult due to their charismatic and charming nature, as noted by Paul Hokemeyer, PhD. They excel in flattery and have the ability to make others feel privileged to be in their presence, attributing them with elevated qualities of taste, intelligence, and compassion. However, it is important to recognize that this facade cannot be maintained indefinitely. Over time, people with dark triad traits tend to exhaust their relationships by exploiting those who become close to them, as Hokemeyer explained. These four behaviors can signal someone who has dark triad traits. An Inability To Sustain Long-Term Relationships People who have dark triad traits, such as narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy, may struggle to maintain long-term relationships. This is because they often have difficulty forming genuine connections with others and tend to be self-serving and manipulative. In addition, people with dark triad traits may be more likely to engage in risky or impulsive behaviors, which can damage relationships. For example, they may cheat on their partners, lie to their friends, or steal from their colleagues. As a result, people with dark triad traits may have a history of unsuccessful relationships. They may have been "cut off" by significant people in their lives, or they may have been involved in abusive or toxic relationships. A History of Being a ‘Victim’ in Relationships and in Life People with dark triad personality traits, such as narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy, may be skilled at using manipulation and deception to control others. This can include gaslighting, which is a form of psychological abuse in which the abuser tries to make the victim doubt their own reality. Gaslighting can be a very effective way to control someone, as it can make the victim feel confused, isolated, and even crazy. This can make it difficult for the victim to stand up for themselves or leave the relationship. A 2019 study published in Sage Journals found that people with narcissistic tendencies or diagnosed narcissistic personality disorder are more likely to engage in gaslighting behavior. The study also found that these individuals are more likely to become violent when they feel their self-esteem is threatened or they are afraid of being abandoned. Inconsistencies in Their Stories Another notable characteristic of individuals with dark triad traits is the presence of inconsistencies in their stories and narratives. While they may initially demonstrate proficiency in manipulating facts to suit their agendas, over time, inconsistencies emerge, revealing discrepancies and contradictions in their accounts. This is because people with dark triad traits often have difficulty keeping their stories straight. They may forget what they have said in the past, or they may make contradictory statements. This can lead to inconsistencies in their background details, such as their educational history, employment history, or personal relationships. A Chronic Need To Be Fulfilled Individuals with dark triad traits exhibit a persistent need to fulfill their desires at the expense of others. They frequently present themselves as perpetual victims, expressing consistent disappointment and an insatiable quest for personal fulfillment. It is essential to recognize that feeling constantly emotionally, physically, or financially drained may be indicative of manipulation and exploitation for the personal advantage of individuals with dark triad traits. Can You Have a Relationship With Someone Who Has a Dark Triad Personality? Hokemeyer strongly advises against engaging in any form of relationship, whether it’s a friendship, romantic partnership, or business association, with individuals who possess a dark triad personality. According to him, these individuals are inherently inclined to exploit others

Can Sociopaths Love? Individuals with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), commonly referred to as sociopathy, can indeed display charming and flattering behavior. However, they typically lack empathy and compassion for others, which makes it challenging for them to establish and maintain lasting relationships, including romantic ones. ASPD is characterized by a consistent pattern of disregarding the rights of others, a lack of empathy, and engaging in impulsive and irresponsible behaviors. People with ASPD often possess an inflated sense of self-importance and a need for constant stimulation. Deceitfulness and manipulation are also common traits. The question of whether individuals with ASPD can experience love is complex and debated among experts. Some experts believe that they are capable of experiencing love, albeit in a different manner compared to individuals without the disorder. They may have a self-serving or instrumental approach to love, using it to fulfill their own needs or manipulate others. On the other hand, some experts argue that individuals with ASPD are fundamentally incapable of genuine love due to their lack of empathy and emotional connection with others. What Is a Sociopath? Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), also known as sociopathy, is a personality disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for the rights of others, lack of empathy, and impulsive and irresponsible behavior. People with ASPD often have a grandiose sense of self-worth and a need for stimulation. They may also be deceitful and manipulative. The term "sociopath" is not a clinical diagnosis, but ASPD is. People with ASPD often behave in ways that most people would not, and they do not feel bad about their actions. They may act irresponsibly, harm or take advantage of others, and not feel any guilt for the pain or hardship their actions cause other people. To be diagnosed with ASPD, a person must meet specific criteria, including the following: Being at least 18 years old Having evidence of, or being diagnosed with, a conduct disorder before age 15 Not behaving in antisocial ways due to another mental illness like schizophrenia or addiction Having a "pervasive pattern" of disregard for the safety of self or others This pattern must have at least three of the following elements: Reckless disregard for the safety of others Lack of remorse for mistreating or exploiting others Frequent irritability or aggressiveness leading to physical fights Habitual deceitfulness, lying, or manipulation Impulsivity and failure to plan ahead Disregard for societal norms and involvement in illegal activities Consistent failure to fulfill obligations, both personal and professional, including financial responsibilities. People with ASPD commonly engage in self-serving behaviors that harm others. These behaviors can involve lying, manipulation, verbal and physical aggression, impulsiveness, and deceit. They may also participate in illegal or potentially illegal activities. Sociopaths and Relationships Individuals with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), commonly referred to as sociopathy, frequently struggle to establish and maintain healthy relationships due to their self-centered nature and lack of empathy towards others. Healthy relationships require fundamental elements such as respect, trust, honesty, compromise, effective communication, individuality, and the ability to manage anger. Unfortunately, individuals with ASPD often struggle to fulfill these requirements within a relationship. For instance, people with ASPD may disregard their partner’s boundaries and emotions, lacking respect for their needs. Dishonesty and manipulation are also common traits, which can lead to conflicts and erode trust in the relationship. Moreover, individuals with ASPD often struggle to understand and respond to their partner’s emotional needs, making it challenging to establish deep emotional connections. Consequently, individuals with ASPD frequently face difficulties in maintaining long-term, healthy relationships. If you find yourself in a relationship with someone who has ASPD, it is important to be aware of the potential challenges that may arise. Sociopaths Can Appear To Be in Love It is important to note that individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD), commonly referred to as sociopaths, are capable of exhibiting signs of being in love. According to Darrel Turner, Ph.D., a forensic psychologist from Louisiana, sociopaths can adeptly feign feelings of love. Particularly at the beginning of a relationship, they may demonstrate affection, kindness, and charm towards their partner. These individuals possess a charismatic nature and can be highly flattering, leading others to believe that they genuinely love them. However, this facade gradually diminishes or completely disappears once the sociopath has fulfilled their own personal objectives, as explained by Manly, a relationship expert. They May Be More Likely To Hurt Their Partners It is important to acknowledge that individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD), commonly known as sociopaths, can exhibit controlling and manipulative behaviors. Additionally, some derive pleasure from causing harm to others. According to Turner, a forensic psychologist, sociopaths may enjoy making their partner feel inferior, undermining their self-esteem, isolating them from loved ones, and engaging in various forms of emotional and psychological abuse. Due to the lack of remorse associated with the disorder, they do not experience guilt or regret for their actions towards their partner. Furthermore, sociopaths are more prone to engaging in abusive behaviors within relationships. A study conducted in 2021, involving 475 individuals who left abusive romantic relationships, found that sociopathic traits in their partners were predictive of frequent, versatile, and physical abuse. Another study in 2018, which examined 152 participants, demonstrated a strong correlation between antisocial traits and intimate partner violence. Masterson explains that sociopaths have a short-term mindset and do not prioritize long-term plans or commitments in relationships. They may claim to desire a lasting connection, but it is solely to fulfill their immediate needs. It is worth noting that individuals with ASPD may also struggle with healthy self-love. They are inclined to put themselves in risky situations, leading to higher rates of natural causes, accidents, suicide, and homicide. Helpful Factors Although there is no known cure or approved treatment for Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD), there is limited evidence suggesting that therapy may be beneficial for individuals with mild ASPD traits. However, it is important to note that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved any specific medication

What Is Narcissistic Personality Disorder? Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is a mental health condition that causes people to have an inflated sense of self-importance and a need for attention and admiration. They often lack empathy for others and may exploit or devalue them to maintain a sense of superiority. NPD is thought to develop from early life experiences, and it is more common in people assigned male at birth. It typically develops in early adulthood and can have a profound impact on a person’s personal and professional life. Treating NPD can be challenging, but certain psychotherapy approaches can be effective. There is no one-size-fits-all treatment, and the best approach will vary depending on the individual. Types of Narcissistic Personality Disorder Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is a complex mental health condition that can manifest in many different ways. It is characterized by an inflated sense of self-importance, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy for others. There are three main subtypes of NPD: Grandiose narcissism: People with grandiose NPD have an inflated sense of self-importance and a need for admiration. They may: Boast about their accomplishments, even if they are minor. Expect special treatment, such as being served first or having their opinions given more weight than others. Be very sensitive to criticism, even if it is constructive. They may become defensive or angry when they are criticized. Have a sense of entitlement, believing that they deserve special treatment because they are superior to others. Be preoccupied with their own power, success, and brilliance. Need constant attention and admiration from others. Use other people to boost their own ego. Vulnerable narcissism: People with vulnerable NPD have a fragile self-esteem and a fear of rejection. They may: Be very sensitive to criticism, even if it is constructive. They may become defensive or angry when they are criticized. Have a fear of being abandoned or rejected. Be very self-conscious and worry about how others perceive them. Have a difficult time accepting compliments. Be very sensitive to social cues and may misinterpret them as being negative. Have a hard time trusting others. High-functioning narcissism: People with high-functioning NPD are often very successful in their careers. They may: Be outgoing, articulate, and socially engaging. Be very ambitious and driven to succeed. Be very intelligent and capable. Have a strong sense of entitlement. Use their charm and charisma to manipulate others. Lack empathy for others. It is important to note that not everyone with NPD will exhibit all of the symptoms of a particular subtype. The severity of the symptoms can also vary from person to person. Symptoms Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is a mental health condition characterized by an inflated sense of self-importance, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy for others. People with NPD often have a grandiose sense of self-worth and may believe that they are superior to others. They may also have a strong need for attention and admiration, and may become easily upset or angry when they do not receive it. Here are some of the symptoms of NPD: Feeling superior, unique, and special: People with NPD often have an exaggerated sense of self-importance. They may believe that they are better than others, and that they deserve special treatment. Exaggerating their achievements and abilities: People with NPD may boast about their accomplishments, even if they are minor. They may also exaggerate their abilities, and may claim to be experts in areas where they are not. Preoccupying themselves with fantasies about beauty, intelligence, prestige, success, or love: People with NPD may spend a lot of time daydreaming about their own greatness. They may also have unrealistic expectations for themselves, and may be constantly striving for perfection. Needing constant attention and approval: People with NPD often need constant attention and approval from others. They may become upset or angry if they do not receive the attention they crave. Being hypersensitive to criticism, failure, and rejection: People with NPD are often very sensitive to criticism, failure, and rejection. They may become defensive or angry when they are criticized, and may avoid situations where they might be exposed to these things. Having an inflated sense of entitlement: People with NPD often feel that they deserve special treatment. They may believe that they are entitled to have things their way, and that others should defer to them. Exploiting and taking advantage of others for selfish gain: People with NPD may exploit and take advantage of others for their own benefit. They may manipulate others, or use them to get what they want. Disregarding the feelings of others and an inability to empathize: People with NPD often have difficulty empathizing with others. They may not be able to understand or appreciate the feelings of others, and may even be seen as being cold or indifferent. Expecting special treatment: People with NPD often expect special treatment from others. They may believe that they deserve to be treated better than others, and may become upset or angry if they do not receive the special treatment they believe they deserve. Causes There is no single cause of narcissistic personality disorder (NPD). However, research suggests that a combination of genetics, early life experiences, and cultural and environmental factors may play a role in its development. Early life experiences People who have experienced childhood trauma, such as neglect, abuse, or abandonment, may be more likely to develop NPD. This is because these experiences can lead to a distorted sense of self-worth and a need for attention and admiration. Research suggests that childhood experiences can contribute to the development of NPD, including: Not receiving emotional support or validation as a child: Children who do not receive enough emotional support from their caregivers may be more likely to develop NPD as a way of compensating for their unmet needs. Rejection or criticism from a loved one: Children who are frequently rejected or criticized by their loved ones may develop a negative self-image and a need for attention and admiration

How I’m Battling Depression and Bipolar Disorder During the Coronavirus Pandemic Late last Friday, I reached out to my psychiatrist via text, pouring out my thoughts in a lengthy and somewhat contradictory message. I apologized for bothering him and explained that I couldn’t call at the moment due to my responsibilities with my children. However, I desperately needed to reschedule my appointment as I couldn’t bear to wait until Tuesday. The afternoon had been an arduous task, and the crux of my message boiled down to three simple words: "I’m not okay." The truth is, I struggle with anxiety disorder and bipolar disorder, each manifesting in its distinct way. Anxiety grips me with panic, causing physical symptoms like sweating and trembling, while bipolar disorder takes me on rollercoaster rides of manic highs and crippling lows. Bipolar disorder, formerly known as manic-depressive illness or manic depression, is characterized by significant mood shifts, fluctuations in energy levels, activity changes, difficulties with concentration, and challenges in carrying out daily tasks, according to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). The NIMH estimates that 4.4 percent of adults in the U.S. will experience bipolar disorder at some point in their lives. Today, I find myself overwhelmed with sadness and a sense of despair. The world seems engulfed in chaos, and my family’s financial stability is crumbling. My husband has taken a substantial pay cut, and my freelance writing work has diminished. The uncertainty of falling ill and the constant worry for the well-being of my loved ones and the world weigh heavily on my mind. I can’t pinpoint the exact moment when I lost control. It feels like just a few months ago, I was laughing, dancing, singing karaoke, and enjoying tequila shots. Yet, now I find myself struggling to even get out of bed. Regardless of when or why it began, one thing is certain: Living with depression amidst the uncertainties of a global pandemic is exceptionally challenging. In fact, I would go as far as saying it feels nearly impossible at times. Social Isolation and Stress It’s important to recognize that social isolation has a profound impact on exacerbating my symptoms. Dr. Gail Saltz, an Associate Professor of Psychiatry at New York-Presbyterian Hospital Weill-Cornell School of Medicine and host of the Personology podcast, explains that social isolation contributes to increased stress levels, feelings of loneliness, and a lack of social support, all of which can significantly worsen mental health issues and pre-existing conditions. The COVID-19 pandemic has further intensified my sense of social isolation. Without the usual routines or external obligations, my days blend together without clear demarcations. There is no alarm to signal the start of my day, and I often find myself wearing the same red Christmas pajamas for consecutive days. With no structured schedule, sleep patterns become irregular, and I may doze off at unconventional hours, leading to a distorted sense of time. Basic self-care practices, such as showering, brushing my teeth, and eating regular meals, have fallen by the wayside. The passage of time becomes indistinct as the days blend into one another. My daily routine revolves around watching talk shows, late-night shows, and the biweekly trash collection, providing me with some semblance of external events. However, even amid the responsibilities of caring for my children, the strain of my mental health affects my ability to fulfill those duties consistently. My daughter’s homework is frequently submitted late, and I struggle to prioritize my own well-being. The overwhelming thoughts in my mind resemble a jumble of alphabet soup, making it difficult to focus or find clarity. Though I long to release my pent-up emotions through crying, I find myself unable to do so. The sensation of burning eyes and a flushed face accompanies a deep numbness, where fear and pain persist alongside a sense of emotional detachment. The Loss of Support Structures One of the most terrifying aspects of experiencing depression during a pandemic is the removal of my safety net. The closure of my therapist’s and psychiatrist’s offices, along with the absence of my usual distractions, adds to the distress. Work opportunities are diminishing, the gym is unavailable, and the absence of an overly demanding schedule leaves me alone with my thoughts and emotions. In the grand scheme of the COVID-19 pandemic and its aftermath, these challenges may seem trivial. Perhaps they are. Probably. I feel ashamed of my depression, my seemingly meager needs and desires. I can almost anticipate some rolling their eyes in response. Moreover, I carry a sense of burden towards my family, friends, and doctor. After all, what right do I have to complain when my loved ones are safe and well? I acknowledge the blessings in my life. However, I struggle to discern if my feelings of shame are valid or merely a symptom of my illness. Guilt and depression often intertwine, exacerbating one another. Although I may not have a definitive plan to "get better," I have developed a strategy to propel myself forward, to combat the pain. This plan revolves around implementing structure and routine in my daily life. I set alarms for essential activities like eating and showering. My calendar now includes dedicated time for self-care and personal well-being, rather than focusing solely on work commitments. I make a conscious effort to breathe at regular intervals, grounding myself in the present moment. Involving my six-year-old daughter, I commit to activities like bike rides or walks in the morning, as she holds me accountable and is relentless in her determination. From reading and cooking to baking and texting friends, I populate my to-do list with meaningful tasks and engagements. Furthermore, my psychiatrist remains an integral part of my support system, as we maintain a weekly phone session. Additionally, I am currently taking three medications aimed at managing my mood, anxiety, and depression, as well as providing stability. While I may not have all the answers or a definitive solution, I am determined to navigate each day with a sense of