Donate blood Thursday, Aug. 24, in Warsaw

The American Red Cross has seen a shortfall of about 25,000 blood donations in the first two months of the summer, which makes it hard to keep hospital shelves stocked with lifesaving blood products. Local residents will have an opportunity to donate Thursday, Aug. 24, from 12-6 p.m. at the Bott Community Center, 705 LaFayette, Warsaw. By making an appointment to give blood or platelets in August, donors can keep the national blood supply from falling to shortage levels. Schedule an appointment to give by downloading the Red Cross Blood Donor App, visiting RedCrossBlood.org or calling 1-800-RED CROSS (1-800-733-2767).

This Whole Time, Period Products Didn’t Use Actual Human Blood to Test Efficacy

Menstrual products have been in use for a long, long time; reports point to 20 patents drawn out for them between 1854 and 1915. Interestingly, though, their much-advertised absorption capabilities weren’t based on actual tests involving human blood. The first study to use human blood to test the efficacy of period products was just published this month in the British Medical Journal’s Sexual and Reproductive Health. “No study exists comparing the capacity of currently available menstrual hygiene products using blood. Utilizing actual menstrual blood to test the collection capacity of menstrual hygiene products would be challenging, but blood products are a closer approximation than water or saline,” the authors noted. Until now, traditional substitutes for menstrual blood in research were saline water or, well, just water, The Guardian reported. Unfortunately, they weren’t too helpful in determining the products’ absorption capacities because neither is nearly as viscous as menstrual blood, which includes not just blood cells, but also secretions and tissue from the shedded endometrial lining. To address the gaps thus created in our understanding of how well menstrual products absorb actual blood, the present research involved two trials: the first one used O+ blood that expired 33 days prior, and the second one re-used the same unit of blood that had, by then, expired 58 days ago. The result: menstrual discs may be better-equipped to handle heavy flow, compared to pads, tampons, and period underwear. Hailing the new study for providing “practical, clinically relevant information to help patients match a product with their own menstrual protection needs, and better plan for the expense,” Dr. Paul Blumenthal, an Emeritus professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Stanford University, wrote in an editorial, “[H]aving data-driven estimates of menstrual product capacity was all the more important when you consider that menstruators carry the financial burden of accessing and purchasing menstrual products, pain control modalities, laundry and other menstrual hygiene items… Saline absorption is a surrogate for menstrual blood, but it is not a clinically meaningful endpoint that measures how a patient feels or functions with the tampon.” Related on The Swaddle: Is Delaying, Suppressing Periods Worth the Risk? Until 2017, sanitary napkin brands across the world shied away from even depicting menstrual blood as red — despite advertising the products’ blood-absorption capacity — in their ads. Meanwhile, India had to wait until 2020 for its first ad that didn’t pretend people bled blue on their periods. “A woman’s uterus isn’t a test tube, we aren’t bleeding blue. It is so important to normalize blood,” Afshan Shaikh, the director of the Indian ad, had told The Times of India. It shows how research on menstrual products has lagged behind public usage requirements considerably, and for too long. Just last year, a new report revealed how a number of India’s most popular sanitary pads contain toxic chemicals that can induce severe health issues in consumers — an alarming discovery since the vagina, being a mucous membrane, is highly permeable, and can absorb the toxins at a much higher rate than, say, merely the skin. Yet, despite the sanitary napkin market in India being valued at around US$618.4 million in 2021, this pertinent information eluded us. However, given that periods are largely considered a “women’s problem,” and medical science has a tendency to routinely ignore women’s health, it’s hardly surprising that any helpful research on period products is hard to come by. During the pademic, too, it had taken thousands of women to experience disruptions in their periods, and experts questioning data gaps and advocating for deeper investigations, before scientists studied the impact of the Covid19 vaccines — and the infection itself — on people’s menstrual health. Hopefully, however, research will continue in its present stride, affording people the information they need to make the right choice for themselves. “If you go to the store and you want to buy some salsa or hot sauce, there are standardized approaches to measuring the hotness of those products,” Blumenthal noted, explaining that, similarly, “menstruators might make different decisions if they were forewarned or forearmed with respect to the capacity of a given [period] product.”

Heart health: Weekend rest no buffer for work week sleep loss

Share on PinterestMaking up for insufficient weeknight sleep during the weekend may not lessen its cardiovascular impact. Image credit: Maria Korneeva/Getty Images. A new study found that when sleep is restricted to 5 hours per night, heart rate and blood pressure worsen over the course of the week in young men. Researchers found that attempting to get extra sleep over the 2 nights of the weekend may be insufficient to dial back the hits to an individual’s cardiovascular health. Researchers measured participants’ heart rate and blood pressure multiple times throughout the day. The participants’ heart rates and systolic blood pressure changed with each day of too little sleep and did not return to baseline by the end of the recovery period. A third of adults in the United States report getting less than the recommended amount of sleep, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). A new study led by researchers at Penn State suggests that when sleep is restricted during the work week, it may impact an individual’s heart rate and systolic blood pressure. Additionally, the research suggests attempts to catch up on sleep over the weekend may not be enough to bring back cardiovascular health back to baseline. The research was published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine. An interest in the effects of sleep on cardiovascular health drove David Reichenberger, a graduate student in biobehavioral health at Penn State, to design this study. For the research, he used data sourced by Dr. Anne-Marie Chang, associate professor of biobehavioral health at Penn State, who had conducted an 11-day inpatient sleep study a few years ago. For the study, participants went from sleeping up to 10 hours a night to being restricted to 5 hours a night over 5 nights. “I just really wanted to see what are the effects during this potential work week on someone’s blood pressure and heart rate,” Reichenberger explained to Medical News Today. Researchers recruited 15 healthy men between the ages of 20 and 35 who lived in Pennsylvania. They excluded participants who had medical or mental health diagnoses, took medicine or drugs, had a recent history of shift work, or had traveled across more than two time zones within the previous three months. Participants were also excluded if during a screening, they showed risk factors of cardiovascular disease. Prior to the study, participants met with a psychologist who determined whether they were likely to be able to tolerate 11 days of inpatient study. For a week before patients came to the Clinical Research Center at Penn State to complete the study they were asked to be in bed from 10 p.m. to 8 a.m. and asked to keep a log of sleep and wake times. At the research center, participants stayed in private rooms that were sound-dampened with no windows. During scheduled wake periods, participants were not allowed to sit on lay on the bed or to exercise. Researchers exposed participants to low lighting during wake periods and darkness during sleep opportunities. A dietician designed a menu of weighed foods, which were limited in sodium, that provided three meals a day. On the first three nights of the study, participants could sleep between 10 p.m. and 8 a.m. On the fourth night, participants could sleep between 12:30 p.m. and 5:30 a.m. This continued for 5 consecutive nights. “And so this is really simulating an adult’s work week,” Reichenberger told MNT. “They may be self-restricting their sleep, just to go to bed later or get up earlier for work.” On the final two nights, participants again could sleep between 10 p.m. and 8 a.m. Approximately every 2 hours during the day, researchers measured the participants’ resting heart rates and blood pressure. Researchers found that the participants’ heart rate increased by nearly one beat per minute (BPM) with each day of the study. The average baseline heart rate of participants was 69 BPM. Following the participants’ second night of recovery sleep, the average heart rate of participants was still 78 BPM. Additionally, researchers found participants’ systolic blood pressure increased by about 0.5 millimeters of mercury (mmHg) per day. The average baseline SBP was 116 mmHg. Following the participants’ second day of recovery sleep, the average SBP was 119.5 mmHg. Researchers measured no significant impact of sleep on the participants’ diastolic blood pressure. “We weren’t surprised to find out that sleep restrictions [have] an effect on cardiac outcomes: blood pressure, heart rate,” Dr. Chang, a co-author of the study, told MNT. “But what surprised me perhaps was that when you allow for recovery sleep […] that the results showed those impairments or increases on the blood pressure and heart rate didn’t return really to baseline level.” – Dr. Anne-Marie Chang The researchers believe their study is unique because they measured participants’ heart rate and blood pressure multiple times throughout the day for the duration of the study. Other studies, Reichenberger told MNT, might take the measurements at a certain time each day or use equipment that takes the measures continuously. “With more measurements, we have more of an ability to detect whether there’s an effect of the restricted sleep on blood pressure,” he said. “We can account for the timing of measurements more easily that way. So looking at, let’s say, 8 measurements versus 1 measurement during a day, you can get an indication of how blood pressure and heart rate may change across the day and you can account for that in your statistical analyses,” Reichenberger added. The researchers noted in their paper that other studies, including one published in PLOS ONE in 2009, measured SBP one time each day and found no increase in SBP during sleep restriction. Dr. Hani Aiash, a cardiologist and assistant dean of interprofessional research in the College of Health Professions at Upstate Medical University, not involved in this research, pointed out several limitations of the study to MNT. A key shortcoming of the research, he said, is that the study did not have a control group.

Briefs: LaRue water treatment plant funding, FOP phone solicitation, plea for blood donors

LaRue to receive Ohio EPA funding for water treatment plant improvements COLUMBUS — Ohio EPA recently finalized the 2024 Drinking Water Assistance Fund (DWAF) program management plan, which includes more than $1.4 billion in funding requests. This funding will be used for a record number of infrastructure projects around the state. Among the communities to receive funding is LaRue, which was awarded $119,200 for design work and $1,640,000 for water treatment plant improvements. The DWAF provides financial and technical assistance for a variety of projects that help improve or protect the quality of Ohio’s drinking water. The 2024 DWAF program year runs from July 1, 2023, through June 30, 2024. Loan funds are available to all applicants that meet program requirements. FOP begins annual phone solicitation The Marion Fraternal Order of Police (FOP) began its phone solicitation Monday. This will run until Sept.1. The company that conducts the solicitation for the FOP is OTMC. If you have any concerns of the legitimacy of the phone call that you receive, you can always drop off a donation to the Marion City Police Department or the Marion County Sheriff’s Office. Red Cross says donation shortfall may impact blood supply The American Red Cross has seen a shortfall of about 25,000 blood donations in the first two months of the summer, which makes it hard to keep hospital shelves stocked with lifesaving blood products. By making an appointment to give blood or platelets in August, donors can keep the national blood supply from falling to shortage levels. Right now, the Red Cross especially needs type O negative, type O positive, type B negative and type A negative blood donors, as well as platelet donors. For those who don’t know their blood type, making a donation is an easy way to find out this important personal health information. The Red Cross will notify new donors of their blood type soon after they give. There are five blood drives currently scheduled in Marion County through August, including three at the Alber Red Cross Center and blood drives in LaRue on Saturday and in Prospect on Aug. 28. Schedule an appointment to give by downloading the Red Cross Blood Donor App, visiting RedCrossBlood.org or calling 1-800-RED CROSS (1-800-733-2767). All who come to give throughout the month of August will get a $10 e-gift card to a movie merchant of their choice. Details are available at RedCrossBlood.org/Movie. Upcoming meeting: ● Marion County Park Board, noon, Thursday, Prospect Room, Marion County Building, 222 W. Center St., Marion

Cardio FLEX Reviews – Real Cardiovascular Health Support or Fake Customer Claims?

How is your heart health? The cardiovascular system endures a ton of stress from our environment and experience, resulting in elevated stress levels in the modern world. Cardio FLEX Reviews So, it’s unsurprising that more than 122 million Americans live with high blood pressure. According to a 2023 report from the American Heart Association, almost half of all American adults live with this disorder. Moreover, most Americans admit they don’t know the normal range for healthy blood pressure. ADVERTISEMENT Also known as “hypertension,” most people know this condition by its other moniker, “the silent killer.” That’s because we don’t notice an increase in blood pressure until it reaches dangerous levels. High blood pressure can have a dramatic adverse impact on your cardiovascular health. You’re predisposed to heart attacks and strokes that could kill you or leave you physically and mentally impaired for the rest of your life. PLR-15 – The Stress Hormone that Destroys Heart Health Recent scientific research should cause alarm for anyone interested in improving their heart health. A 2022 study by Mayo Clinic involved 450,000 male and female participants aged 35 to 85 years old. The study was the first of its kind, including people from all walks of life. Most participants were coping with the effects of hypertension (high blood pressure) in their life. The scale of the problem ranged from people with mild effects to those with dangerously high blood pressure levels, using medications to manage their condition. The research shocked the medical community. According to the study, the difference between participants with high blood pressure and those in the normal range was an increase in the presence of the “PLR-15” stress hormone. Those with hypertension issues had more of this hormone circulating in their bloodstream. The study shows PLR-15 is 400% more present and active in people dealing with hypertension than those with healthy blood pressure levels. PLR-15 is one of six stress hormones affecting the body. Cortisol and adrenaline are examples of other stress hormones that initiate the “fight-or-flight” response. Stress hormones like PLR-15 and cortisol increase blood pressure to help you escape a dangerous situation. However, in today’s society, these hormones experience increases in production when we deal with a stressful environment. As a result, we end up with anxiety disorders and sub-optimal heart health. The PLR-15 stress hormone is becoming more prevalent in younger generations. Being plugged into toxic social media wars, pressure at work, and hectic home life all contribute to the overproduction of stress hormones and the onset of anxiety disorders. The sympathetic nervous system that controls the fight-or-flight response can’t tell the difference between the stress of losing your job or arguing about a parking spot at the mall. As a result, levels of the PLR-15 hormone increase, adversely affecting your cardiovascular health. As a result, the arteries firm and harden with plaque, causing scarring on the inside. This decrease in cardiovascular health makes you more at risk of enduring a heart attack or stroke as you age. Introducing CardioFLEX – The 10-Second Ritual to Better Cardiovascular Health What if there was a way to improve heart health naturally without relying on medications? To keep yourself out of the doctor’s office, supplement withCardioFLEX. As mentioned, the PLR-15 hormone has a devastating effect on the cardiovascular system. However, the overabundance of PLR-15 in the blood also affects other vital organs. For instance, PLR clogs up the kidneys, leading to sub-optimal filtration and more toxins circulating in the bloodstream that cause disease. PLR-15 can also affect the eyes, leading to premature macular degeneration. That means you must visit the optometrist more frequently to change your prescription. The relationship between PLR-15 and poor cardiovascular health is well documented. Higher PLR-15 levels mean you’re at risk of developing hypertension and a hardening of your arteries. If you feel high blood pressure and hypertension symptoms, you’ll visit your doctor for a diagnosis. The physician takes your blood pressure and asks questions about your health and lifestyle. They’ll prescribe blood pressure medicine to help you manage your condition. However, the issue with this approach is that it doesn’t stop the cause of the problem – too many PLR-15 hormones circulating in your bloodstream. You experience temporary relief, and your blood pressure settles into the normal range. However, as soon as you stop taking the medication, the problem returns. That’s because the drugs don’t do anything to reduce the presence of PLR-15 in the bloodstream. What if there was a natural way to reduce levels of PLR-15 without visiting your doctor for a prescription? CardioFLEX offers you the solution you need to better cardiovascular health. Try CardioFLEX today and see the difference! What are the All-Natural Ingredients Found in CardioFLEX? This science-backed supplement features formulation with nine clinically proven ingredients designed to lower PLR-15 production. Combining heart-healthy ingredients reduces the risk of heart disease, heart attacks, and strokes, optimizing circulation through the cardiovascular system. Unlike medications that can leave you feeling terrible, CardioFLEX is a natural formulation that gives your body the raw materials needed to stop hypertension and safeguard your cardiovascular system. Here is a breakdown of the ingredients profile in CardioFLEX and the benefits they offer your cardiovascular system. Papaya Fruit Lowers levels of the PLR-15 hormone. Reduces heart disease risk. Regulates blood glucose levels. Psyllium Powder Lowers levels of the PLR-15 hormone. Improves digestion and blood flow. Reduces the risk of developing heart disease. CardioFLEX Is On Sale Now For A Limited Time! Acai Berry Lowers levels of the PLR-15 hormone. Regulates blood glucose and insulin sensitivity. Enhances immune function. Slippery Elm Bark Lowers levels of the PLR-15 hormone. Improves biome health and optimizes digestion. Rejuvenates nails and skin. Inulin Lowers levels of the PLR-15 hormone. Prebiotic fiber for optimal biome health. Improves weight loss results. Chlorella Lowers levels of the PLR-15 hormone. Promotes growth of hair and nails. Lowers LDL cholesterol and overall lipids in the blood. Hyssop Leaf Lowers levels of the PLR-15 hormone. Improves circulation. Powerful antioxidant properties

Elvis Presley’s war buddy says they were ‘blood brothers’: ‘Greatest laugh I ever heard’

August 16 marks 46 years since Elvis Presley died. His legacy lives on — not just for fans, but for those who got to know the man behind the music. More than 60 years after befriending the iconic southern crooner while enlisted in the U.S. Army, author Johnny Lang put pen to paper and documented a few of the fond memories he had with Presley in his novel, “My Army Days with Elvis: Friendship, Football, & Follies.” Lang exclusively told Fox News Digital he was motivated to write the novel after watching Austin Butler’s “outstanding” performance in the award-winning film, “Elvis.” Walking out of the theater with his children and grandchildren, Lang’s son asked, “What do you think, Dad? Do you think you’re ready to write a book?” ELVIS PRESLEY’S 1968 ‘BORDELLO’ SCENE ORIGINALLY CUT FOR BEING TOO RISQUE: DIRECTOR “After seeing this, man, it inspired me,” Lang responded. His wild memories with Elvis lasted a lifetime. From spending hours in training to countless weekends together playing football and nearly becoming blood brothers, Lang cherished the close bond he formed with the “Jailhouse Rock” singer. Author Johnny Lang detailed Elvis Presley’s humor and larger-than-life persona in a book about their time together in the Army. (Getty Images) Elvis was drafted into the Army in 1958 while Lang volunteered for the service, which was typical at the time. The only difference was that Presley already had thousands of fans across the country as the “Heartbreak Hotel” artist with a Las Vegas residency under his belt. Lang had seen Elvis on the firing range in Fort Hood, Texas, but his first opportunity to speak with the musician was on a train headed to New Jersey before they were due to hop on the USS Randolph to Germany. WATCH: Author Johnny Lang remembers special moment with Elvis Presley Charlie Hodge, Presley’s long-time best friend, introduced Lang to the singer while en route. ELVIS PRESLEY’S FINAL MONTHS WERE PLAGUED WITH PHYSICAL PAIN AS HE EMBARKED ON GRUELING TOUR, AUTHOR CLAIMS “I never met a celebrity in my whole life,” Lang recalled. “There’s Elvis, sitting down there like that, and I walk up to him, standing up and my heart’s going like this. And I just stare at him. Elvis Presley was drafted into the United States Army in 1958. (Getty Images) Presley stands with a group of young men at an induction center raising their right hands as they are sworn into the United States Army by an officer standing next to an American flag. (Hulton Archive/Getty Images) “And he’s looking at me. Finally, he says, ‘Sit down, chief.’ So I sit down, and I’m so nervous. I said, ‘Hey, will you autograph my grandmother’s picture? My sister’s picture? My mother’s picture?’ He says, ‘No problem.’ Anyway, I was there for about 15 minutes and in awe, in awe. And the last thing he says to me, ‘I’ll see you on the boat, Johnny. Maybe we can spend some time together.’ I say, ‘I’ll be looking for you.’” Presley was allowed to live off base while stationed in Germany, and Lang was a regular visitor. WATCH: Elvis Presley was a jokester at heart “I spent all my weekends at his house.” Lang said. “I’d get up about noon, and then at about one o’clock, I’d be at the house, and there would be about three or four hundred people there because they all want an autograph,” Lang said. “I just knock on the door. … I spent almost a year and a half with him every weekend. “We’d play football with three or four hundred people watching us play ball.” Presley served for two years and was discharged in 1960. (Michael Ochs Archive) Elvis Presley had already found fame when he was drafted into the Army in 1958. (Vittoriano Rastelli) One of Lang’s favorite stories with his friend was from a time Elvis had a head cold, and the pair shared a quiet, yet poignant moment together. “We were combat training in a place called Grafenwöhr,” Lang recalled. Presley had a “tank outfit” while Lang was in a “scout outfit,” but they somehow reconnected. “I find the barracks. Elvis is all by himself. So, I walk in and say, ‘Hey, babe, what’s going on?’ He says, ‘I don’t feel good. All the guys are at training. They left me here behind.’ So, he’s laying on an army bed, and I’m sitting there, just him and me. Biggest guy in the world. But we’re talking,” Lang remembered. ANN-MARGRET DESCRIBES HER ELVIS PRESLEY CONNECTION, REMEMBERS NIBBLING ON PAT BOONE’S SHOULDER “I sat on the edge of the bed, and I said, ‘Hey El, will you tell me something?’ I said, ‘Why are you, with all the fame you have and all the money you have, why are you and I friends?’ He said, ‘I’m going to tell you something Johnny Lang. You’d still like me if I was a janitor, and thank God I’m not.’ And I say, ‘You’ve got that right.’ I got up, and in my mind, I’m thinking, ‘Unbelievable, just him and I, the whole world would love to see it.’” Presley performed on the “The Ed Sullivan Show” Jan. 6, 1957, in New York City. (Michael Ochs Archives) Along with fellow recruits, Elvis (left) waits for a physical examination upon entering the U.S. Army at the Fort Chaffee training installation at Fort Smith, Ark., March 25, 1958. (Don Cravens) Lang remembered helping Presley fix his blanket because he wasn’t feeling his best and said, “You take care. I know you’re not feeling good. I won’t keep you up, but God bless you. I’ll see you when that opportunity arrives again.” “He said, ‘No problem, Johnny. Thanks for coming by.’ And that’s my favorite story of all. I mean. Entertainer of the century!” Elvis kept Johnny on his toes, too. WATCH: Elvis Presley had ‘the greatest laugh’ and a huge heart “You never know what he’s going to do,” Lang said. “He

Briefs: Blood donors sought, book signing, Vennum Avenue closing, garden club anniversary

Red Cross says donation shortfall may impact blood supply The American Red Cross has seen a shortfall of about 25,000 blood donations in the first two months of the summer, which makes it hard to keep hospital shelves stocked with lifesaving blood products. By making an appointment to give blood or platelets in August, donors can keep the national blood supply from falling to shortage levels. Right now, the Red Cross especially needs type O negative, type O positive, type B negative and type A negative blood donors, as well as platelet donors. For those who don’t know their blood type, making a donation is an easy way to find out this important personal health information. The Red Cross will notify new donors of their blood type soon after they give. There are eight blood drives scheduled in Richland County from now until the end of the month, including drives at the Richland Mall Wednesday and Friday and again on Aug. 23 and Aug. 30. Schedule an appointment to give by downloading the Red Cross Blood Donor App, visiting RedCrossBlood.org or calling 1-800-RED CROSS (1-800-733-2767). All who come to give throughout the month of August will get a $10 e-gift card to a movie merchant of their choice. Details are available at RedCrossBlood.org/Movie. Portion of Vennum Avenue closed Vennum Avenue from Ohio Street to Albert Avenue in Mansfield is closed for water main repairs. It’s expected to reopen by Friday. Traffic is advised to plan an alternate route to avoid possible delays. Book signing at Oak Hill Cottage The Richland County Historical Society welcomes author Christopher Kuntz for a presentation and book signing at 7:30 p.m. Wednesday, Aug. 16, at Oak Hill Cottage, 346 Oak Hill Place, Mansfield. Kuntz is the author of the book “Scott Brown: Cartoonist” about his grandfather and acclaimed national cartoonist who lived in Mansfield. Garden Club to celebrate its 95th anniversary Mansfield Garden Club will celebrate its 95th anniversary at 4 p.m. Friday at the Carriage House at the Kingwood Center Gardens. The Mansfield Garden Club is the oldest garden club in Mansfield and one of the oldest in the state. The group accomplished a lot over the years including landscaping the grounds around the newly built Mansfield General Hospital. They also created the Mansfield Park Association. The current group maintains the flower garden surrounding the downtown gazebo and decorates a tree in the gazebo and a room in the Kingwood Center mansion at Christmas. They recently had an aluminum sculpture erected in the garden by the Carriage House at Kingwood to honor the many hours of volunteerism by the garden clubs. Upcoming meetings: ● Shelby City Council Finance & Personnel Committee, 2:30 p.m., Thursday, conference room, 5 Water St., Shelby ● Shelby City Council Utilities & Streets Committee, 3:30 p.m., Thursday, conference room, 5 Water St., Shelby

Staphylococcus aureus induced wound infections

Introduction Human skin serves as an effective barrier to infection, protecting the underlying tissues, bones, and organs.1–3 Wounds are defined as a breach in the skin or tissues’ structural integrity that affects the skin’s ability to defend itself.4,5 As one the most common causes of death and morbidity in surgical patients, wound infection accounts for 70% to 80% of deaths after burn injuries.6–8 Out of all surgical deaths, around 70–80% deaths are caused by wound infection.9–11 Bacteria that cause pus production or wound infection include S. aureus, Clostridium spp., Actinomyces spp., E. coli, Proteus spp., Neisseria spp., Vibrio vulnificus and Candida spp.12 S. aureus is a versatile pathogen capable of infecting humans with a broad spectrum of illnesses causing both infection and soft tissue infection.13–16 Skin and soft tissue infections caused by S. aureus, as life-threatening systemic illnesses, are a significant hospital-acquired and community-acquired infections.17–20 Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) represent a global public health hazard because of their risk and spread.21 A lack of adequate containment and treatment options for MRSA and VRSA has the potential to cause significant global mortality.22–24 VRSA is also known to be resistant to a wide range of commonly used antimicrobial treatments. As the final line of defense against MRSA and other drug-resistant, Gram-positive pathogens, glycopeptide vancomycin has long been considered a lifesaver.25–27 Antimicrobial abuse and overuse may contribute to the rise of antimicrobial resistance, which is a major cause of illness and death around the world.28–30 The most prevalent place for MRSA and VRSA to co-infect and co-colonize is in a wound, making it the most typical place where VRSA is isolated. Treatment for a VRSA infection often includes prompt attention to the wound. The eradication of VRSA is aided by wound treatment, which also eliminates a conducive environment for co-colonization, thereby preventing the spread of plasmids.30 Since the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, treating infectious diseases has become more difficult.28 In order to be classified as multidrug resistant (MDR), an organism must be resistant to three or more categories of antimicrobial agents; extremely (extensive) drug resistant (XDR) means that an organism is resistant to all antimicrobial agents except for two or fewer categories, and pan drug resistant (PDR) means that an organism is resistant to all antimicrobial agents.31–33 MRSA refers to any S. aureus strain that has evolved or acquired a multiple drug-resistance to beta-lactam drugs. Treatment of serious MRSA infections with glycopeptide vancomycin is still the preferred option. Vancomycin suppresses cell wall manufacturing. VRSA is a phrase used to describe S. aureus isolates that are completely resistant to vancomycin (MIC≥16 µg/mL).22,25 There has been a significant rise in the incidence of antimicrobial resistance in hospital and community infections during the last decade. MRSA and VRSA have been brought to the attention of the medical profession and the general public, along with their full effect on health and economic consequences.34 Therefore, both the development of MRSA and VRSA as well as their prospective cost-effectiveness estimations are influenced by their clinical and economic consequences.28 Surgical wound infections are classified as followed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Superficial incisional infection that only involves the skin and subcutaneous tissues. One of the following criteria has to be met: purulent discharge from the wound, isolated organism, at least one symptom of infection, and diagnosis by the surgeon. These infections account for more than 50% of all surgical infections. Deep incisional infections involve deeper tissues, including muscles and fascial planes. One of the following criteria has to be met: purulent discharge from the wound, dehiscence, or deliberate re-opening of deep incision by the surgeon after suspecting an infection, evidence of abscess formation, or other deep infection diagnoses by the surgeon. Organ/space infection may involve any organ apart from the incision site but must be related to the surgical procedure. One of the following criteria has to be met: purulent discharge from the drain placed in the organ, isolated organism from the organ, abscess, or other infection involving the organ. This study sheds light on the current prevalence of MRSA and VRSA in wound swabs, the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolated S. aureus, and the presence of multidrug resistant strains among the isolates. Therefore, the study aims to assess the pattern of S. aureus isolated from pus/wound samples in Saudi Arabian tertiary hospitals. Materials and Methods Study Design This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out during the period from February 2022 to September 2022. Fisher’s formula was used to estimate the proper sample size which is 500 samples in our research. Data and specimens were collected from patients of all sexes and ages who visited the hospital throughout the research period. A total of 188 different S. aureus were isolated from 542 wound specimens in the Prince Mutaib Bin Abdulaziz Hospital (339) and Swair General Hospital in Sakaka, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia (203). Table 1 exhibits the distribution of wound specimens by gender, age, and location. Specimens that indicated any evidence of contamination were discarded from the examination. It is important to note that patients were only included in the study if they had a sample labeled with a combination of the following keywords: a wound swab, abscess, wound, drain, culture, or discharge. Table 1 Distribution of Wound Specimens of Patients by Gender, Age and Locations Collection of Specimens and Bacterial Categorization Aseptic dry swab samples were taken from the pus and wounds. The samples were properly labeled before being transferred to the lab, where they were quickly processed. Specimens were subsequently cultured on Blood Agar and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Staphylococcal isolates were identified using biochemical and morphological approaches.35 Multiple biochemical tests for the confirmation of S. aureus were performed on the Gram-positive cocci in cluster detected under the microscope. Identification of S. aureus based on the presence of catalase and oxidase as well as coagulase activity and DNase activity in the S. aureus colonies on mannitol salt agar. Presumptive MRSA was confirmed by Vitek 2