Jul
04
Specialty
Month: July 2024
QuidelOrtho has recalled nearly 8,000 potentially faulty blood tests meant to help doctors quickly determine whether a patient is having a heart attack. The tests inaccurately showed low levels of troponin, a protein that indicates damage to the heart. A false negative could lead doctors to mistakenly conclude their patient is not having a heart attack, delaying diagnosis or treatment when time is of the essence. advertisement The device maker, which also sells products like the QuickVue Covid-19 antigen test, sent letters to health systems in May telling them to immediately stop using the test. The Food and Drug Administration classified the recall as serious, because problems with the product could result in serious injury or death. QuidelOrtho has reported 41 complaints, but no injuries or deaths so far. The tests, which use either a blood or plasma sample, promise to return results in under half an hour. They are used in emergency rooms to triage patients suspected of having a heart attack. The FDA said the patients most at risk are those with zero or abnormal heart attack symptoms, for whom a diagnosis would be easy to miss without an accurate lab test. advertisement The company advised using a different testing method to detect heart attacks. If none are available, doctors should be extra wary of the blood panel’s readings, perform multiple tests to confirm low troponin levels, and also reference data from EKGs and other imaging. San Diego-based QuidelOrtho said the error is due to a “raw material issue” in its recall record. The issue caused the test to falsely pick up 30% less troponin than is present. The company did not respond to STAT’s request for more information on the error. The test maker’s last serious recall was in 2021 for reports of false negatives from its Lyra PCR Covid-19 test when used with certain lab equipment. The notice impacted more than 18,000 test kits.
Jul
04
What Is Palliative Care?
What Is Palliative Care? Palliative care is a specialized form of healthcare that focuses on providing treatment and comfort to individuals with serious illnesses. It involves a team of specially trained healthcare providers who work together to address the physical, emotional, and psychological needs of patients. The primary objective of palliative care is to enhance the quality of life for patients while also providing support to their family members. It aims to alleviate symptoms and reduce stress associated with the illness. Despite the significant need for palliative care, only a small percentage of those who require it actually receive it. Out of the estimated 56.8 million individuals in need, only 14% have access to palliative care services. It is important to note that palliative care is not determined by prognosis but rather by a person’s needs. It is suitable for individuals of any age and at any stage of a serious illness, and can be provided in conjunction with curative treatments aimed at addressing the underlying disease. By prioritizing the holistic well-being of patients and their families, palliative care offers comprehensive support to improve their overall experience and promote a better quality of life. What Is Included in Palliative Care? Palliative care is highly individualized, with each person’s care plan tailored to address their specific needs. A comprehensive palliative care plan encompasses a wide range of issues and considerations, aiming to provide holistic support to the patient. The following elements are typically taken into account when developing a palliative care plan: 1. Emotional Needs: Coping with a serious illness can evoke a spectrum of emotions. Palliative care can address psychological aspects such as depression, anxiety, fear, and stress, providing emotional support and counseling. 2. Physical Needs: Palliative care specialists address physical symptoms associated with the illness, including pain, fatigue, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, and insomnia. They work to ensure the patient’s comfort and alleviate physical distress. 3. Spiritual Needs: Serious illness can prompt individuals to reevaluate their beliefs and find meaning in their situation. Palliative care teams assist patients in exploring their spiritual concerns, helping them find peace, acceptance, and reconciliation with their beliefs. 4. Practical Needs: Palliative care extends support to practical matters, such as addressing financial concerns, legal issues, insurance questions, and employment challenges. The care team can guide patients and their families in making decisions and completing necessary documents, such as advance directives. 5. Caregiver Needs: Caregivers play a crucial role in supporting their seriously ill loved ones, but they can face their own challenges and burdens. Palliative care recognizes the needs of caregivers and provides resources, education, and guidance on caregiving strategies, helping them cope with their responsibilities and strike a balance between caring for their loved one and attending to their own well-being. By considering and addressing these various aspects, palliative care aims to provide comprehensive support that goes beyond medical treatment, fostering overall well-being for both patients and their families. Who Needs Palliative Care? Palliative care is not limited to a specific stage of a serious illness and can be provided at any point in the disease trajectory. Some experts even advocate for early integration of palliative care upon diagnosis. By engaging in palliative care early on, individuals can benefit from improved quality of life, symptom management, and a better understanding of their treatment options. Palliative care is inclusive and available to individuals with any serious illness that impacts their daily functioning, quality of life, or carries an increased risk of mortality. The range of illnesses appropriate for palliative care is vast, and some common examples include heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cancer, dementia, COVID-19, Parkinson’s disease, kidney failure, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis, and stroke. In fact, the American Society of Clinical Oncology recommends that all individuals with advanced cancer receive palliative care alongside their cancer treatments. They also suggest that patients be offered palliative care no later than eight weeks after their cancer diagnosis. This highlights the importance of early integration of palliative care in managing a serious illness and optimizing the overall care experience for patients and their families. Where to Receive Palliative Care Palliative care can be delivered in diverse settings to accommodate the individual’s needs and preferences. These settings may include hospitals, long-term care facilities, cancer centers, outpatient palliative care clinics, specialized clinics, or even in the comfort of one’s home. A comprehensive palliative care team is typically composed of various healthcare professionals who specialize in this field. These professionals work collaboratively to address the multifaceted needs of the individual. Some common members of a palliative care team include: – Doctors and physicians: They provide medical expertise, manage symptoms, and coordinate the overall care plan. – Physician assistants: They work closely with doctors to provide medical care, perform assessments, and assist with treatment plans. – Nurses and nurse practitioners: They provide hands-on care, monitor symptoms, administer medications, and offer support and education. – Registered dietitians: They provide nutritional guidance and ensure the individual’s dietary needs are met. – Psychologists: They offer emotional and psychological support, counseling, and strategies for coping with distress and anxiety. – Social workers: They provide support, counseling, and assistance with practical matters such as advance care planning, financial concerns, and navigating healthcare systems. – Massage therapists: They provide therapeutic touch and massage techniques to help alleviate physical discomfort and promote relaxation. – Chaplains or spiritual counselors: They offer spiritual and emotional support, guidance, and comfort according to the individual’s belief system. By involving a diverse team of professionals, palliative care aims to address the physical, emotional, social, and spiritual aspects of care, providing a holistic approach to support individuals and their families. What Are The Benefits of Palliative Care? The implementation of a palliative care plan can have significant positive impacts on patients and their loved ones. Here are some ways in which palliative care can benefit individuals and their families: 1. Improved quality of life: Palliative care focuses on enhancing the patient’s quality of life by addressing
Jul
04
What Is Sciatica?
What Is Sciatica? Painful and debilitating, sciatica results from the sciatic nerve becoming inflamed, compressed, or damaged.1 When it comes to nerves, the sciatic nerve takes the cake. It begins with the lumbar region and spreads to the back of both legs and the soles of the feet. With the aid of the sciatic nerve, you can move your muscles and experience feeling in your legs.2 Pain, burning, or paresthesias (sometimes known as "pins and needles") that originate in the buttocks and go down the leg are all possible outcomes of nerve injury or disruption. In extremely rare cases, the afflicted leg(s) may also become weak.1 Sciatic pain can be debilitating, but it often goes away within four to six weeks. When conventional treatments fail, there are a number of alternative and integrative methods available to help. Sciatica Symptoms Sciatica refers to pain or other symptoms that arise when the sciatic nerve, which runs from the lower back down through the hips and buttocks to each leg, becomes compressed or irritated. It is important to note that sciatica specifically pertains to the symptoms resulting from this nerve issue, rather than general low back pain or leg pain. The most common symptom associated with sciatica is one-sided low back pain that radiates down the leg on the affected side. Some individuals may also experience pain or a burning sensation in the buttock on the affected side. Certain movements such as sneezing, coughing, or physical activity may exacerbate the discomfort. In addition to pain, individuals with sciatica often report sensory changes in the leg, including the foot. These sensations can be challenging to describe but may include feelings of pins and needles, numbness and tingling, abnormal temperature sensations (such as coldness or heat), or a shooting pain or discomfort that travels down the leg. In rare cases, individuals may also experience weakness in the affected leg or a sensation of heaviness. What Causes Sciatica? Sciatica can occur when the sciatic nerve at the spine is irritated or compressed. In older adults, common causes of sciatica include bone spurs and arthritis in the spine. Younger adults may experience sciatica due to herniated discs. Other conditions that can cause sciatica symptoms include bulging discs, lumbar spinal stenosis, spondylolisthesis, lumbar epidural hematoma, tumors, and injuries. Certain factors can increase the risk of developing sciatica, such as being in your 40s, having occupations that involve prolonged unusual positions, and a history of previous sciatica episodes. Interestingly, regular physical activity may both increase the likelihood of recurrent sciatica in those who have had it before and decrease the likelihood of developing it for those who have never experienced it. If you suspect you may have sciatica or are at risk of developing it, it is important to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management. They can assess your specific condition, provide guidance on pain relief, and recommend treatments to alleviate the underlying cause of sciatica. Diagnosis When you consult a healthcare provider for suspected sciatica, they will likely start by asking about your symptoms and medical history. This information helps them in forming a diagnosis. They may also conduct a physical examination to assess your mobility and pain levels, which may involve exercises like squatting, walking on your heels and toes, and a straight-leg test. The straight-leg test involves lying on your back while your provider slowly raises your leg. You inform them when you start to experience pain, and the height at which the pain occurs can provide insights into the origin of the pain. In many cases, imaging such as X-rays or MRIs is not initially necessary as it does not typically change the course of treatment. Structural changes in the spine are common as people age, and these changes may not be directly related to the sciatica symptoms. However, imaging may be recommended if the symptoms persist or if there is a need to identify any underlying causes that require more targeted intervention. Treatments for Sciatica Most cases of sciatica resolve on their own within four to six months without medical intervention. However, if pain persists or is severe, medical treatment may be necessary. Healthcare providers typically begin with conservative management approaches and progress to more invasive treatments if needed. Over-the-counter non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen and acetaminophen are not recommended for treating sciatica. Instead, using hot and cold packs on the affected area and staying moderately active may help alleviate symptoms. If conservative measures are not sufficient, healthcare providers may prescribe medications such as corticosteroid shots to reduce inflammation, anticonvulsants to alleviate nerve pain, muscle relaxants, or opioid pain medications. However, the effectiveness of some of these medications for sciatica is still under debate. Studies have suggested that acupuncture can provide pain relief for sciatica, and other complementary therapies like spinal manipulation and deep tissue massage may also help alleviate pain depending on the underlying cause of the sciatica. It’s important to consult with your healthcare provider to discuss these options and determine their suitability for your specific case. In some cases, surgery may be considered, although studies have shown that surgical and non-surgical treatments for sciatica can yield similar improvements in symptoms after two years. The decision to undergo surgery is typically made after careful consideration of individual factors and consultation with a healthcare provider. Prevention Research suggests that certain individuals may have a genetic predisposition to developing sciatica. However, there are also lifestyle factors that can influence the likelihood of experiencing sciatica. Here are some lifestyle changes that may help reduce the risk of developing sciatica: 1. Stay physically active: Engaging in regular physical activities such as walking, cycling, and exercises that promote core strength and flexibility can help maintain spinal health and reduce the risk of sciatica. 2. Quit smoking: Smoking has been associated with an increased risk of developing sciatica. Quitting smoking can not only improve overall health but also decrease the likelihood of developing sciatic nerve-related pain. 3. Maintain a healthy weight:
Jul
04
What Is Kyphosis?
What Is Kyphosis? Kyphosis is a condition characterized by an abnormal curvature of the spine. It typically involves a forward curve in the vertebrae at the upper part of the back. This natural curve is present in most individuals to some extent and does not usually cause any pain or postural issues. However, when the curvature exceeds 50 degrees, it is considered excessive kyphosis or hyperkyphosis, which can lead to discomfort and noticeable postural changes. Excessive kyphosis is often referred to as kyphosis, hunchback, or roundback. While excessive kyphosis can occur at any age, it is more commonly observed in individuals over the age of 40 due to the natural aging process. Some forms of kyphosis may be identified in infancy or during adolescence, although they are relatively rare. Types of Kyphosis There are a few different kinds of kyphosis, primarily defined by the cause of the condition. Postural Kyphosis Postural kyphosis develops when the muscles supporting the back and spine are stretched and subsequently weaken over time. It is more commonly observed in younger individuals who frequently slouch or carry heavy bags, putting strain on the muscles and leading to postural imbalances. In older individuals, postural kyphosis is often associated with age-related muscle weakness, which contributes to poor posture and increases the risk of developing the condition. The weakening of the muscles can further exacerbate the curvature of the spine, leading to an increased likelihood of postural kyphosis. Scheuermann Disease Scheuermann disease, also referred to as Scheuermann’s kyphosis or juvenile kyphosis, is characterized by the presence of abnormally shaped vertebrae. This condition typically emerges during the growth phase in adolescence. Diagnosis of Scheuermann disease commonly occurs during the teenage years, and it is observed more frequently in males than females. The prevalence of Scheuermann disease in the United States is estimated to range from 1% to 8% of the population. Congenital Kyphosis Congenital kyphosis is a type of kyphosis that arises from abnormalities in the development of the spine during fetal development. It is characterized by the presence of missing or fused vertebrae. Typically, children with congenital kyphosis are diagnosed once they begin walking and exhibit noticeable symptoms. Although congenital kyphosis is relatively rare, it can be significantly debilitating and impact a child’s mobility and overall function. Kyphosis Symptoms Kyphosis primarily manifests as the abnormal curvature of the spine, resulting in a rounded hump on the back and rounded shoulders. This physical characteristic is the main symptom associated with kyphosis. However, individuals with kyphosis may also experience other symptoms, which can vary in severity and include: Back pain: Some individuals may experience pain in the lower or middle back, which can range from mild discomfort to more severe and persistent pain. Neck pain: In some cases, kyphosis can contribute to neck pain and stiffness, particularly if the abnormal spinal curvature affects the upper back and neck region. Stiffness: The presence of kyphosis can lead to stiffness and reduced flexibility around the back and spine, making it challenging to perform certain movements comfortably. Tenderness: The affected area of the spine may be tender to touch, particularly in the region of the abnormal curvature. Fatigue: Some individuals with kyphosis may experience fatigue or a sense of increased physical effort due to the altered alignment and strain on the back muscles. What Causes Kyphosis? Kyphosis can have various causes depending on the type of kyphosis. Here are the main factors associated with each type: Postural kyphosis: Age: Kyphosis is more prevalent in older adults, especially those aged 60 and above. It often progresses more rapidly during menopause. Age-related osteoporosis, which weakens the bones, is a common underlying condition associated with kyphosis in older individuals. Poor posture: Prolonged slouching, habitual leaning back, and carrying heavy bags can strain and stretch the muscles and ligaments in the back, leading to postural kyphosis. Spinal injury or disease: Trauma to the spine, as well as various conditions such as arthritis, disc degeneration, tuberculosis, and hormone-related diseases, can contribute to the development of kyphosis. Other conditions: Kyphosis can arise from conditions affecting spinal growth, muscles around the spine, and overall posture. These may include scoliosis, Paget’s disease, Gibbus deformity (vertebral collapse), muscular dystrophy, cerebral palsy, and spinal tumors, among others. Scheuermann disease: The exact cause of Scheuermann disease is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve genetic factors. In this condition, at least three consecutive vertebrae in the spine wedge together, typically before puberty. The underlying mechanisms and triggers of this abnormal vertebral wedging are still being investigated. Congenital kyphosis: Congenital kyphosis is attributed to abnormal development during fetal growth. It can result from either the absence of one or more vertebrae or the fusion of two or more vertebrae in the spine. These structural abnormalities can lead to progressive kyphosis as the child grows. Risk Factors Certain factors can increase the likelihood of developing postural kyphosis or Scheuermann disease. Here are some key risk factors associated with each condition: Postural kyphosis: Age: The risk of developing postural kyphosis tends to increase with age, particularly in individuals over the age of 40. Gender: Women, especially after menopause, have a higher risk of developing postural kyphosis. Osteoporosis or degenerative diseases: Conditions that weaken the bones, such as osteoporosis, can contribute to the development of postural kyphosis. Other degenerative diseases affecting the spine may also increase the risk. Spinal injury: Any past injury to the spine can be a risk factor for developing postural kyphosis. Persistent poor posture: Maintaining poor posture over an extended period, such as slouching or adopting an imbalanced stance, can contribute to the development of postural kyphosis. Scheuermann disease: Gender: Males have a higher likelihood of developing Scheuermann disease compared to females, with a male-to-female ratio of approximately 2:1. Age: Scheuermann disease typically manifests during adolescence, and the risk is highest during this period. How is Kyphosis Diagnosed? When evaluating a suspected case of kyphosis, healthcare providers may employ various diagnostic techniques to confirm the condition and determine its underlying causes. These
5 Signs You Might Be ‘Skinny Fat’ When considering health, it’s important to recognize that weight and body size alone do not provide a complete picture. The traditional emphasis on numbers like pounds on a scale or body-mass index (BMI) may not accurately reflect a person’s overall health status. Simply having a weight within the normal range for their height does not guarantee good health. Sometimes referred to as "skinny fat," normal-weight obesity is a phenomenon where individuals have a normal BMI (between 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2) but a high percentage of body fat. According to a study published in PLoS One, this condition can affect a significant portion of the population, ranging from 9% to 34%. These individuals may outwardly appear healthy but can have elevated levels of body fat and inflammation. Consequently, they are at higher risk for conditions such as diabetes and cardiovascular problems, despite their seemingly normal weight. It is worth noting that weight alone is not always a definitive predictor of disease risk. Some individuals with obesity can still be metabolically healthy, meaning they do not exhibit risk factors commonly associated with conditions like insulin resistance or atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). Understanding these nuances of weight as a predictor of disease is a complex task for researchers. The only way to ascertain metabolic health is by undergoing tests to measure blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood sugar levels. Consulting with a healthcare provider and undergoing these assessments can provide a more accurate assessment of an individual’s overall health. There are certain warning signs that may indicate a risk for normal-weight obesity. If you identify with these characteristics, it is essential to discuss your concerns with a healthcare provider to ensure that you are physically fit and maintain well-being both internally and externally. Extra Weight Around Your Waist The distribution of weight in your body can significantly impact your risk of developing certain diseases. Specifically, carrying excess weight around your abdomen can be particularly concerning. However, it’s important to note that the way fat is stored differs between biological males and females. Typically, bodies with female anatomy tend to have a "pear" shape, with more fat distributed in the hip and thigh area, while bodies with male anatomy tend to have an "apple" shape, with more fat accumulated around the waist. A study conducted in 2015 revealed that individuals who do not meet the criteria for being overweight or obese but still have excess fat around their waist are at a higher risk of premature death compared to individuals with overweight or obesity. The researchers used a measurement called waist-to-hip ratio, which proved to be a more accurate predictor of cardiovascular disease-related mortality than BMI. "Fat around the middle" is particularly problematic as it is associated with insulin resistance and the production of inflammatory proteins, according to Dr. Jialal. Furthermore, this type of fat tends to accumulate gradually, making it easy to overlook the warning signs. Therefore, if you notice a gradual increase in belt size or tighter-fitting pants around the waist, it should serve as a red flag and prompt you to take action. Monitoring your waist circumference and being aware of changes in your body shape can be valuable indicators of potential health risks associated with abdominal fat. Seeking guidance from a healthcare provider can help you assess your risk factors, develop appropriate strategies for weight management, and adopt a healthy lifestyle to mitigate the adverse effects of excess abdominal fat. Low Lean Muscle Mass Even if you don’t have overweight or obesity, it’s still possible to have elevated levels of body fat, particularly if you lack sufficient lean muscle mass. This can be a concern, especially if you lead a sedentary lifestyle with minimal physical activity. Engaging in regular aerobic exercises such as brisk walking, cycling, or running is crucial for maintaining a healthy heart and lungs. However, incorporating regular strength training exercises is equally important. Strength training helps in building muscle, boosting metabolism, and facilitating fat burning. If you’re looking for a cost-effective way to increase lean muscle mass, consider incorporating push-ups into your exercise routine. A study involving male participants found that those who were able to perform more push-ups had a lower risk of developing cardiovascular conditions. However, regardless of your gender, building upper body and core strength through exercises like push-ups can be beneficial for overall fitness. Increasing lean muscle mass not only contributes to a healthier body composition but also provides various health benefits. It can enhance metabolic function, improve physical performance, and support overall well-being. It’s important to note that engaging in any exercise routine should be done in consultation with a healthcare professional, especially if you have any pre-existing health conditions or concerns. By combining regular aerobic activity with strength training exercises like push-ups, you can promote the development of lean muscle mass, boost your metabolism, and support a healthier body composition. Family History If you have a family history of conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, or high cholesterol, regardless of your body size, you may have a genetic predisposition to these health issues. It is crucial to discuss this with your healthcare provider to explore preventive measures that can help you avoid developing these conditions. Your healthcare provider may recommend adopting a healthy lifestyle, which includes following a nutritious diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and refraining from smoking. These lifestyle changes can significantly lower your risk of developing the conditions that run in your family. Incorporating exercise and maintaining a balanced diet are effective ways to proactively manage your health. However, even with a healthy lifestyle, there might be instances where you still have risk factors, such as high blood pressure or elevated blood sugar. In such cases, your healthcare provider may prescribe medications to help you keep these risk factors under control and reduce the likelihood of developing associated health problems. It is important to work closely with your healthcare provider to develop a personalized plan that
Jul
04
What Causes Asthma?
What Causes Asthma? The airways become irritated and restricted due to asthma, a chronic lung condition. Exercise, exposure to allergens and irritants, and respiratory infections can all bring on asthma symptoms including shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest tightness. Genetics, allergies, exposure to lung irritants, and immune system malfunction have all been linked to an increased chance of developing asthma, while the actual origin of the condition remains unclear.1 This article will examine the various causes and triggers of asthma, as well as the biological processes that contribute to asthma symptoms. Theories The development of asthma is a complex process that varies from person to person. While the exact cause(s) remain elusive, asthma is commonly triggered by specific factors. Individuals with asthma have airways that are hyperresponsive, meaning they are more sensitive to certain triggers. When exposed to these triggers, the airways become inflamed, leading to swelling and narrowing. This inflammation causes the surrounding muscles to constrict, further obstructing the airway passages and resulting in symptoms like shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness. Additionally, the inflammation can stimulate excess mucus production, worsening the symptoms. Extensive research is ongoing to unravel the precise causes of asthma. It is widely accepted that a combination of genetic and environmental factors contributes to the development of asthma. Genetic predisposition plays a role, as asthma often runs in families. Specific genes related to immune function, airway reactivity, and inflammation have been identified, but the interplay of multiple genes and their interaction with environmental influences is believed to be responsible for asthma susceptibility. Environmental factors also play a crucial role in triggering asthma. Exposure to allergens such as pollen, dust mites, and pet dander, as well as irritants like tobacco smoke, air pollution, and chemical fumes, can provoke asthma symptoms. Respiratory infections, physical activity, and changes in weather conditions can also act as triggers. Occupational exposure to certain substances can lead to the development of occupational asthma. Understanding the complex interplay between genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and immune system responses is crucial in managing and preventing asthma. Personalized treatment plans, trigger avoidance strategies, and ongoing research efforts aim to improve the management and quality of life for individuals with asthma. Exposure to Allergens There is a strong association between allergies and asthma, and individuals with allergies are at a higher risk of developing asthma compared to those without allergies. When people with allergies come into contact with allergens like pollen, pet dander, mold, or dust, their immune system perceives these substances as harmful and triggers an exaggerated response. This immune response leads to inflammation in the airways, causing symptoms associated with asthma, such as shortness of breath and chest tightness. This specific type of asthma triggered by allergies is referred to as allergic asthma. The immune system’s overreaction to allergens in allergic asthma involves the release of chemicals, such as histamines, which further contribute to airway inflammation and constriction. Allergic asthma can be diagnosed through specific allergy tests that identify the specific allergens triggering the immune response. Viral Respiratory Infections Viral respiratory infections, including the common cold and influenza, have been identified as potential triggers for the development of asthma. When a viral infection occurs, the immune system activates a response to combat the virus, involving the production of immune cells and the release of chemicals. In certain individuals, this immune response can lead to inflammation and constriction of the airways, resulting in asthma symptoms. Studies have shown that some children who experience viral or bacterial respiratory infections during their early years may go on to develop chronic asthma. This could be attributed to the fact that the immune system and lungs are still in the developmental stage during infancy and early childhood, rendering them more vulnerable to damage and inflammation caused by respiratory viruses. While not all viral infections lead to asthma, it is important to recognize the potential link between respiratory infections and the development of asthma in susceptible individuals, especially in children. Early prevention and management of viral infections, along with appropriate asthma treatment strategies, can help reduce the risk and impact of asthma triggered by respiratory infections. Exposure to Lung Irritants Exposure to lung irritants is considered a potential factor in the development of asthma. The impact of exposure to these irritants can vary depending on the specific irritant, duration of exposure, and individual factors such as genetics and underlying health conditions. Prolonged exposure to certain irritants, particularly in occupational settings, has been associated with an increased risk of asthma due to chronic exposure. When inhaled, lung irritants can lead to inflammation and constriction of the airways, contributing to the development of asthma symptoms. Examples of lung irritants include air pollution, cigarette smoke, specific types of dust (such as industrial or wood dust), chemical fumes, and vapors. These irritants can trigger an immune response and result in airway inflammation and subsequent asthma symptoms. Is Asthma Hereditary? Asthma has a strong genetic component, and its occurrence within families indicates a significant genetic link. Individuals who have family members with asthma are more prone to developing the condition, and the risk is significantly higher if one of their parents has asthma. Extensive research has identified more than 100 genes associated with asthma, many of which are involved in the functioning of the immune system and lungs. These shared genetic factors explain why individuals with asthma often exhibit heightened sensitivity to allergens and environmental irritants compared to those without asthma. Additionally, these genetic risk factors overlap with other conditions related to immune system overactivity, such as allergic rhinitis and eczema. It is important to note that having a genetic predisposition to asthma does not guarantee its development. The interplay between various genes, as well as the interaction with environmental factors, plays a crucial role in asthma development. Further research is necessary to understand the complex mechanisms through which genetic and environmental factors contribute to the manifestation of asthma. Who Gets Asthma? Asthma can affect individuals of all ages, genders, and ethnicities, although
Can You ‘Outgrow’ Asthma Symptoms? Numerous Americans are diagnosed with asthma each year. According to the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America (AAFA), over 25 million Americans have asthma. That’s about one in every 13. Women have a higher risk of developing asthma than males do, and the AAFA reports that more children than any other chronic ailment are affected by asthma. But can you "outgrow" your asthma, and does it ever really go away? The answer is yes, sort of and occasionally. Although this is more common in children, some adults also experience remission of their asthma symptoms and go on to have normal, symptom-free lives. It’s not always possible to "outgrow" asthma, though. Symptoms may return on their own accord, sometimes even years later. Learn more about asthma, how symptoms improve, and who has the best chance of seeing remission in this informative article. What Is Asthma? Asthma is indeed a chronic lung condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways. This inflammation and constriction can lead to various symptoms, including wheezing, coughing (particularly during specific times of the day), chest tightness, and shortness of breath. The severity and frequency of these symptoms can determine the type of asthma a person has. The classifications of asthma include intermittent asthma, mild persistent asthma, moderate persistent asthma, and severe persistent asthma. Each type is characterized by different symptom patterns and their impact on daily life. While asthma cannot be cured, it can be effectively managed with appropriate treatments. Inhalers are the most commonly prescribed form of treatment. Reliever inhalers provide immediate relief by relaxing the airway muscles, while preventer inhalers are used regularly to control inflammation and prevent symptoms. Combination inhalers contain both a reliever and a preventer medication. In more severe cases of asthma, medications such as steroids may be prescribed to reduce inflammation. Certain surgeries or procedures may also be considered as treatment options. So Does Asthma Ever Go Away Completely? It is possible for children to outgrow asthma symptoms as they age. Some children, particularly those who started wheezing at a young age, may see their symptoms improve or completely resolve over time. However, it is not entirely clear why this happens in some children and not others. Similarly, in adults, asthma symptoms can become less frequent or transition from persistent to intermittent. The persistence of asthma in adults is influenced by various factors, and the individual nature of the condition makes it difficult to predict how it will progress in each person. While some individuals may experience remission or a decrease in symptoms, it’s important to note that asthma is a chronic condition, and for many people, it remains a lifelong condition that requires ongoing management. Regular monitoring, adherence to prescribed medications, and avoidance of triggers are still crucial for individuals with asthma, even if their symptoms have improved. What Is Asthma Remission? Remission in asthma refers to a period of time when symptoms decrease or disappear entirely for at least 12 months. There are two main types of remission: symptomatic remission and total or complete remission. Symptomatic remission occurs when asthma symptoms stop occurring, but it does not address the underlying cause of asthma. Therefore, there is still a possibility of symptoms returning in the future, known as relapse. Total or complete remission indicates that the underlying condition causing asthma is no longer causing a problem. This type of remission implies a more long-lasting resolution of symptoms, where the asthma is no longer actively present. It is indeed possible for asthma to naturally go away on its own, particularly for those who developed asthma during childhood. Studies have reported varying rates of spontaneous remission, ranging from 2% to 52% of individuals experiencing a resolution of asthma symptoms without treatment. However, it’s important to note that even individuals who have outgrown asthma may still experience relapse later in life. The exact reasons why some people experience remission while others do not are not fully understood. It could be influenced by various factors, including genetics, environmental exposures, and individual immune responses. It is essential for individuals who have experienced remission of their asthma symptoms to continue monitoring their respiratory health and maintain regular follow-ups with their healthcare provider. Asthma can be a complex and unpredictable condition, and proper management is crucial even during periods of remission to ensure the best possible long-term outcomes. Who Is Most Likely To Achieve Remission? Achieving remission in asthma is not guaranteed, but certain factors have been identified to increase the likelihood of being symptom-free, as highlighted in a 2022 European Respiratory Journal study: Mild asthma: Individuals with milder forms of asthma have a higher probability of experiencing remission compared to those with more severe asthma. Lung function: Better lung function, as assessed through pulmonary function tests, is associated with an increased chance of remission. Asthma control: Well-managed asthma with minimal symptoms and exacerbations is more likely to enter a state of remission. Young age: Asthma that develops during childhood has a higher potential for remission compared to asthma that appears later in life. Length of asthma: The duration of asthma can impact the chances of achieving remission, with shorter durations potentially being more favorable. Airway response: Individuals with a favorable airway response to treatment and a lower degree of airway hyperresponsiveness may have a higher likelihood of remission. Few or no other diseases: The absence or limited presence of additional medical conditions can contribute to a better chance of remission. Smoking cessation or never having smoked: Quitting smoking or never having been a smoker can positively influence the possibility of achieving remission. The study also reported that certain medications, such as biologics (monoclonal antibodies) and macrolide antibiotics like azithromycin, may aid in achieving remission. While these medications are known to be effective for other conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, their potential to control asthma symptoms and potentially slow down airway remodeling requires further research. Additionally, a treatable traits approach focusing on managing underlying conditions, including comorbidities, smoking, anxiety and depression,
Frederick Locke, MD, a medical oncologist and translational researcher in the Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy at Moffitt Cancer Center, explains the allogeneic CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies, ALLO-501 and ALLO-501A, and how the work. An investigation of ALLO-501 for the treatment of patients with large B-cell lymphoma is occurring in the phase 1 ALPHA study (NCT03939026), which aims to include 74 patients. Patients in the study will be treated with ALLO-501 in addition to ALLO-647 and lymphodepletion chemotherapy consisting of fludarabine and cyclophosphamide. The key end point being assessed in the study include dose-limiting toxicity of ALLO-501 and ALLO-647. ALLO-501A is an identical drug to ALLO-501, says Locke. The one difference between the agents is that ALLO-501A has no rituximab (Rituxan) kill switch. Both agents have a gene editing component, which allows for each agent to be used in combination with chemotherapy and a CD52-directed CAR T product, according to Locke. Transcript: 0:08 | ALLO-501 and ALLO-501A are off-the-shelf allogeneic CD19-directed CAR T-cell therapies. The only difference between ALLO-501 and ALLO-501A is that ALLO-501A has removed a rituximab kill switch, which was present in ALLO-501. Otherwise, they’re identical. These CAR T cells have gene editing. So, not only do they express the CD19 CAR, but their gene-edited. The track locus is removed so that the T cell receptor is not expressed and therefore, the cells are unlikely to cause graft-versus-host disease. 0:56 | The CAR T cells are gene-edited so that CD52, which is a cell surface protein that’s on immune cells, is removed from the CAR T cells and that actually allows us to also give an antibody against CD52 as part of the conditioning chemotherapy regimen, which ALLO-647. It’s a monoclonal antibody against CD52, which has been removed from those CAR T cells.
The nation’s blood supply is always vulnerable to shortages but what if you could produce blood cells in an incubator – banking it for future use so it’s available to be transfused into patients whenever needed? In this Science in Seconds segment, Vanessa Scanlon, principal investigator in the Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Biology, explains how her lab is laying the foundation for just such a groundbreaking innovation.